Notes in 31 Coagulation

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Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Antithrombin deficiency::condition}} leads to heparin resistance and thrombosis.
Published	12/13/2023	Bile duct obstruction presents with elevated PT because bile is necessary for absorption of {{c1::vitamin K}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::APTT}} is used to monitor heparin therapy
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::(PTT) partial thromboplastin time}} measures the {{c1::intrinsic}} and common pathways of coagulation.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c3::Tranexamic acid::drug}} inhibits {{c1::fibrinolysis}} by blocking {{c2::plasminogen}} activation.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Factor VIII}} is bound to {{c2::von Willebrand}} factor during normal blood circulation.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of hemoglobin is found in patients with sickle cell anemia?{{c1::Hemoglobin S (HbS)}}
Published	12/13/2023	How long do RBCs last in sickle cell disease?{{c1::10-20 days}}
Published	12/13/2023	The endothelium inhibits clot formation because of its {{c1::smooth}} surface and the presence of {{c2::glycocalyx}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Urokinase is a {{c1::fibrinolytic::fibrinolytic/anti-}} released by the {{c2::kidneys}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The normal platelet lifespan is {{c1::8}}-{{c1::12}} days.
Published	12/13/2023	After ~8-12 days, platelets are removed by macrophages of the {{c1::reticuloendothelial}} system and the {{c2::spleen}}.&nbsp…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Thrombosthenin}} is a unique protein found in platelets that assists with platelet contraction.
Published	12/13/2023	In platelets, actin and myosin act to cause {{c1::platelet contraction}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Release of {{c2::serotonin}} by platelets promotes platelet aggregation by activating nearby platelets.
Published	12/13/2023	Vascular spasm after vessel injury is mediated by contraction of the {{c1::tunica media}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Vascular spasm}} during hemostasis allows for procoagulants to remain in the affected area.
Published	12/13/2023	Platelets adhere to exposed subendothelial collagen via the {{c1::GPIa/IIa}} and {{c2::GP VI}} receptors.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor I is also known as {{c1::fibrinogen}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor II is also known as {{c1::prothrombin}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor III is also known as {{c1::tissue factor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor IV is also known as {{c1::Ca2+}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor V is also known as {{c1::labile factor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor VII is also known as {{c1::stable factor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor VIII is also known as {{c1::antihemophilic factor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor IX is also known as {{c1::Christmas factor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor X is also known as {{c1::Stuart-Prower factor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor XI is also known as {{c1::plasma thromboplastin antecedent}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor XII is also known as {{c1::Hageman factor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Factor XIII is also known as {{c1::fibrin stabilizing factor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Thrombin activates factor {{c1::V}}, which creates a positive feedback loop that accelerates production of {{c2::prothrombin activator}}.&nb…
Published	12/13/2023	Activation of factor XI requires {{c1::HMW kininogen}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Activation of factor XI is accelerated by {{c1::prekallikrein}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What mechanism neutralizes tissue factor?{{c1::Tissue factor pathway inhibitor}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::cell-based}} model of coagulation states that coagulation takes place on the surface of a cell that expresses tissue factor.
Published	12/13/2023	Which coagulation pathway is faster - extrinsic or intrinsic?{{c1::Extrinsic}}
Published	12/13/2023	According to the cell-based coagulation cascade, the initiation phase is initiated by factors {{c1::III}} and {{c1::VII}}.
Published	12/13/2023	According to the cell-based coagulation cascade, the initiation phase is characterized by low amounts of {{c1::thrombin}}.
Published	12/13/2023	According to the cell-based coagulation cascade, the amplification phase is characterized by activation of factors V, XI, and platelets by {{c1::…
Published	12/13/2023	According to the cell-based coagulation cascade, the propagation phase is characterized by {{c1::thrombin burst}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal activated clotting time (ACT) is {{c1::90}}-{{c1::120}} seconds.
Published	12/13/2023	What coagulation pathways are inhibited by heparin?{{c1::Intrinsic and common pathways}}
Published	12/13/2023	Unfractionated heparin has a mass range of {{c1::3,000}} - {{c1::30,000}} Daltons.
Published	12/13/2023	Heparin is a {{c1::negatively}} charged molecule.
Published	12/13/2023	Heparin is a relatively {{c1::large::small/large}} sized molecule.
Published	12/13/2023	Heparin is {{c1::water}} soluble.
Published	12/13/2023	Heparin has a {{c1::small}} volume of distribution.
Published	12/13/2023	Heparin is metabolized by {{c1::heparinase}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Heparin is either degraded by {{c2::macrophages}} or eliminated {{c1::renally}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The standard dose of heparin in cardiac surgery is {{c1::300}}-{{c1::400}} units/kg.
Published	12/13/2023	The standard dose of heparin for VTE prophylaxis is {{c1::5,000}} units bid/tid.
Published	12/13/2023	The standard dose of heparin for active VTE is a {{c1::5,000}} unit IV bolus → {{c2::1,250}} unit/hour infusion.
Published	12/13/2023	The standard dose of heparin for unstable angina/acute MI is a {{c1::5,000}} unit IV bolus → {{c2::1,000}} unit/hour infusion.
Published	12/13/2023	The goal of therapeutic heparinization is an aPTT {{c1::1.5}}-{{c1::2.5}}x normal.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypothermia will {{c1::prolong}} the activated coagulation time (ACT).
Published	12/13/2023	Thrombocytopenia will {{c1::prolong}} the activated coagulation time (ACT).
Published	12/13/2023	What factor deficiencies will prolong the activated coagulation time (ACT)?{{c1::I (fibrinogen), VII, XII::3}}
Published	12/13/2023	Administration of heparin may cause {{c1::hypo}}tension.
Published	12/13/2023	Protamine is contraindicated in patients with {{c1::fish}} allergies.
Published	12/13/2023	The heparin-protamine complex is cleared by the {{c1::reticuloendothelial}} system.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Vitamin K}} reversal of warfarin takes 4-8 hours.
Published	12/13/2023	The dose of vitamin K for warfarin reversal is {{c1::10}}-{{c1::20}} mg PO, IM, or IV.
Published	12/13/2023	Vitamin K should be administered {{c2::slowly (1 mg/min)}} when giving intravenously due to risk for life-threatening {{c1::anaphylaxis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Aprotinin::drug}} {{c2::decreases}} bleeding by inhibiting plasmin, kallikrein, thrombin, and protein C.
Published	12/13/2023	Type {{c2::II}} von Willebrand disease is characterized by decreased vWF {{c1::function (quality)}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What subtype of von Willebrand disease responds best to desmopressin (DDAVP)?{{c1::Type I}}
Published	12/13/2023	The dose of desmopressin (DDAVP) for von Willebrand disease is {{c1::0.3}} mcg/kg IV.
Published	12/13/2023	Rapid administration of desmopressin (DDAVP) can cause {{c1::hypotension}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The first-line agent in the treatment of type III von Willebrand disease is {{c1::purified factor VIII-vWF concentrate}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Administration of factor VIII should continue {{c1::2}}-{{c1::6}} weeks after surgery for patients with hemophilia A.
Published	12/13/2023	Treatment for Hemophilia B is {{c1::factor IX-prothrombin complex concentrate}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What drug bypasses factor VIII (or IX) inhibition in patients with hemophilia?{{c1::Recombinant factor VII}} {{c2::90-120 mcg/kg::dose}}
Published	12/13/2023	Recombinant factor VII increases the risk of {{c1::thrombosis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Recombinant factor VII}} {{c2::20-40 mcg/kg::dose}} can be used (off-label) to treat bleeding without an identifiable cause.
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with DIC, release of {{c1::tissue factor (III)}} activates the {{c2::extrinsic}} pathway of coagulation.
Published	12/13/2023	Treatment of microvascular thrombosis in DIC is {{c1::heparin}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Type {{c1::I}} heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is usually mild and self-limiting.
Published	12/13/2023	Type I heparin induced thrombocytopenia occurs after {{c1::large doses::dose?}} of heparin
Published	12/13/2023	Type II heparin induced thrombocytopenia occurs after {{c1::any doses::dose?}} of heparin
Published	12/13/2023	Type {{c1::II}} heparin induced thrombocytopenia occurs 5-14 days after heparin administration.
Published	12/13/2023	Type {{c1::I}} heparin induced thrombocytopenia occurs 1-4 days after heparin administration.
Published	12/13/2023	Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia causes a {{c1::hyper}}coagulable state.
Published	12/13/2023	Protein S is a co-factor of {{c1::protein C}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Protein C and Protein S deficiencies are treated with {{c1::warfarin}} for long-term anticoagulation.
Published	12/13/2023	In children with sickle cell disease, prophylaxis for pneumococcal disease includes daily {{c1::penicillin}} up to 5 years of age.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with sickle cell trait only advance into crisis when exposed to severe {{c1::hypoxemia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Heterozygous sickle cell disease is also known as sickle cell {{c1::trait}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What two co-existing diseases are commonly found in patients with sickle cell disease?{{c1::Asthma::50%}}{{c2::Pulmonary hypertension::10%}}
Published	12/13/2023	Heparin is primarily synthesized by {{c2::mast cells}} in the {{c1::lungs}}.
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