Notes in Week 3

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/17/2024	{{c1::Gower's}} sign: affected individuals will "{{c2::climb up}}" their legs from a prone position to compensate for {{c3::proximal leg}} weakness
Published	01/17/2024	{{c1::Dystrophinopathies}}: dysfunction of dystrophin results in poor stabilization of {{c2::sarcolemma}} membrane during contraction which affects me…
Published	01/17/2024	Serum lab test for dystrophinopathies: intracellular {{c1::creatinine kinase}}
Published	01/17/2024	Gene mutation assoicated with dystrophinopathy: {{c1::DMD}} gene
Published	01/17/2024	Dystrophin stain of {{c1::Duchenne's muscular dystrophy}}
Published	01/17/2024	H&E stain of {{c1::Duchenne's muscular dystrophy}}
Published	01/17/2024	Duchenne vs Becker:{{c1::Becker}} has {{c2::partially}} functional dystrophin while {{c1::Duchenne}} has {{c2::non-}}functional dystrophin{{c1::Becker…
Published	01/17/2024	Neurologic symptoms of dystrophinopathy:{{c2::Waddling}} gait{{c3::Gower's}} signExaggerated {{c1::lordosis}} and {{c1::scoliosis}}
Published	01/17/2024	Cardiac symptoms of Dystrophinopathy:{{c1::Dilated}} cardiomyopathyEarly initiation of {{c2::ACEi/ARBs}}
Published	01/30/2024	Treatment of dystrophinopathy:Supportive therapy for heart, lungs, MSK{{c1::Glucocorticoids::Medications}}Gene therapy like {{c2::exon-skipping}} agen…
Published	01/17/2024	Achondroplasia affects {{c5::endochondrial}} ossification, which affects the {{c1::base of the skull}}, {{c2::facial}} bones, {{c3::vertebrae}}, and {…
Published	01/17/2024	Achondroplasia is caused by an activating mutation in {{c1::FGFR3}}
Published	01/17/2024	{{c2::Vosoritide}} is the only FDA approved treatment for achondroplasia which acts as a {{c1::CNP}} analog
Published	01/17/2024	{{c1::Osteopetrosis}}: defect in {{c2::osteoclast}} activity which causes {{c3::increased}} bone density
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Published	01/17/2024	Type 1 collagen related osteogenesis imperfecta is primarily caused by mutations in the {{c1::COL1A1}} and {{c1::COL1A2}} genes
Published	01/17/2024	Type {{c1::I}} osteogenesis imperfecta:{{c2::Haploinsufficiency}} mutationStructurally {{c3::normal}}
Published	01/17/2024	Type {{c1::II, III, IV}} osteogenesis imperfecta:{{c2::Dominant negative}} mutationStructurally {{c3::abnormal}}
Published	01/17/2024	{{c1::Growing pains}} presentation:Episodic, non articular pain in the {{c2::thigh}}, {{c2::calf}}, or {{c2::shin}}Primarily occurs at {{c3::night}}
Published	01/17/2024	{{c2::Growing pains}} treatment:{{c1::Reassurance}}OTC analgesicsPassive stretchingOrthotics
Published	01/17/2024	Main red flags for joint pain:Wakes patients from sleep{{c1::Localized}}{{c2::Systemic}} symptoms
Published	01/17/2024	{{c3::Patellofemoral pain syndrome}} presentation:Peri or retro patellar painOccurs with {{c1::joint loading}} activities (squatting) or prlonged {{c2…
Published	01/17/2024	{{c3::Patellofemoral pain syndrome}} treatment:{{c1::Activity modification}}NSAIDs{{c2::PT}} to correct unbalanced tracking
Published	01/17/2024	{{c3::Chondromalacia patellae}} diagnosis:X-rays with {{c1::chondrosis}}, cystic changes, and {{c2::cartilage}} loss
Published	01/17/2024	Chondromalacia patellae treatment:{{c1::Activity}} restrictionsNSAIDs{{c3::PT}}Sometimes {{c2::surgery}}
Published	01/17/2024	{{c3::Legg-Calve-Perthes}} presentation:{{c1::Hip}} pain (can refer throughout the leg)Limited/painful {{c2::internal rotation}} and {{c2::abduction}}…
Published	01/17/2024	{{c4::Legg-Calve-Perthes}} treatment:Rest/reduce {{c3::weight bearing}} activities{{c1::ROM}} exercises{{c2::Surgery}}
Published	01/17/2024	{{c3::Osgood-Schlatter}} presentation:Pain at the {{c2::tibial tuberosity}} with activityFocal {{c1::tenderness}} and {{c1::swelling}}
Published	01/17/2024	{{c1::Osgood-Schlatter}} treatment:Resolves with {{c2::skeletal maturity}}May need activity modification, orthotics, PT
Published	01/17/2024	{{c1::Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis}} presentation:Joint {{c2::swelling}} and {{c2::stiffness}}Limited motion and pain with motionPain is worse in {{c…
Published	01/17/2024	{{c3::Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis}} treatment:{{c1::NSAID}}s{{c2::DMARD}}sPT
Published	01/30/2024	Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis epidemiology:{{c1::XY}}>{{c1::XX}} (sex){{c2::Obese}}{{c3::African American/Hispanic}} (race)
Published	01/17/2024	{{c2::Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis}} presentation:{{c3::Limp}} with hip, thigh, groin, or knee painDecreased {{c1::internal rotation}}
Published	01/17/2024	{{c2::Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis}} diagnosis:Posterior, inferior displacement of {{c1::femoral head}}
Published	01/17/2024	{{c2::Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis}} treatment:{{c3::Non-weight bearing}}{{c4::Urgent}} ortho referral{{c1::Surgical}} management
Published	01/17/2024	{{c3::Toxic Synovitis}} presentation:{{c1::Unilateral}} limpOften after {{c2::infection}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Toxic Synovitis}} treatment:{{c1::NSAIDs}}Resolves {{c3::quickly (7-10 days)}}
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Published	01/17/2024	A: {{c1::osteoclast}}B: {{c2::vascular endothelial cell}}C: {{c3::osteoblast}}D: {{c4::red blood cell}}E: {{c5::osteocyte}}
Published	01/17/2024	{{c1::Osteoclasts}} in the bone share a common lineage with macrophages
Published	01/17/2024	The arrow is pointing to the {{c1::synovium}}, which secretes {{c1::synovial fluid}}
Published	01/17/2024	What is the gross finding and diagnosis in the image?Gross finding: {{c1::medullary infarct}}Diagnosis: {{c2::osteonecrosis}}
Published	01/17/2024	{{c2::Osteomyolitis}}: inflammation of bone/bone marrow secondary to {{c1::infection}}
Published	01/17/2024	Examples of {{c1::osteosarcoma}}
Published	01/17/2024	Examples of {{c1::osteochondroma}}
Published	01/17/2024	Cartilage destruction caused by lymphocytes indicates {{c1::rheumatoid arthritis}}
Published	01/17/2024	Necrosis and neutrophils indicates {{c1::bacteria/infectious}} arthritis
Published	01/17/2024	Needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals indicates {{c1::gout}}
Published	01/30/2024	Cartilage degeneration with inflammation indicates {{c1::osteomyelitis}}
Published	01/17/2024	Confluent granulomas with necrosis indicates {{c1::tuberculosis}} arthritis
Published	01/17/2024	An elderly patient with rash and trouble rising from chair is classic for {{c1::dermatomyositis}}
Published	01/30/2024	Pediatric bones compared to adult bones:Periosteum is {{c1::thicker}}More {{c2::elastic::elastic or rigid}}{{c3::Greater}} remodeling potential
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::buckle/torus}} fracture
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::greenstick}} fracture
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::physeal}} fracture
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::stress}} fracture
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::insufficiency}} fracture
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::bone lesion}} fracture
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Published	01/30/2024	Endochondral ossification has generation of primary and secondary {{c1::ossification centers}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c4::Endochondrial}} ossification locations:{{c1::Long}} bone formation{{c2::Physis}} growth{{c3::Non-rigid}} fracture healing
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Intramembranous}} ossification locations:{{c1::Flat}} bone formation{{c3::Rigid}} fracture healing
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::cartilage}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::immature woven bone}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::mature lamellar bone}}
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Published	01/30/2024	The bone lesion is radio{{c1::lucent}} ({{c1::lytic}})
Published	01/30/2024	The bone lesion is radio{{c1::dense}} ({{c1::sclerotic}})
Published	01/30/2024	Example of a {{c1::geographic}} lesion
Published	01/30/2024	Example of a {{c1::permeative}} lesion
Published	01/30/2024	Example of a {{c1::moth eaten}} lesion
Published	01/30/2024	Example of endosteal {{c1::scalloping}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of cortical {{c1::thinning}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of cortical {{c1::erosion}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of cortical {{c1::breakthrough}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::chondroid}} matrix
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::osteoid}} matrix
Published	01/30/2024	The arrow points to {{c1::Codman's triangle}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of a {{c1::sunburst}} appearance
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::onion skinning}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::osteochondroma}}
Published	01/30/2024	Osteochondroma associated conditions:Multiple hereditary {{c2::exostosis}} ({{c3::EXT1}} and {{c3::EXT2}} mutations)Secondary {{c1::chondrosarcoma}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::osteoid osteoma}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c3::Osteochondroma}} is a benign chondrogenic lesion arising from the {{c1::perichondral}} ring of {{c2::growth plate}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Osteoid osteoma}} is a benign osteogenic bone lesion surrounded by {{c1::reactive bone}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::giant cell}} tumor
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Giant cell tumor}} is a benign, locally aggressive tumor of the {{c1::epiphysis}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::osteosarcoma}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Osteosarcoma}} is a malignant proliferation of {{c2::osteoblasts}}
Published	01/30/2024	Osteosarcoma is associated with familial {{c1::retinoblastoma}} ({{c1::Rb}} gene), {{c2::p53}} gene mutations, and {{c3::Paget}} disease
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::Ewing's sarcoma}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Ewing's sarcoma}} is a malignant proliferation of poorly differentiated {{c1::neuroectoderm}} cells
Published	01/30/2024	Ewing's sarcoma is associated with a t({{c1::11;22}}) genetic translocation
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::chondrosarcoma}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Chondrosarcoma}} is a malignant {{c1::cartilage}} forming tumor
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::metastatic disease}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::bone infection}}
Status	Last Update	Fields