Notes in L5- Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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Published	11/02/2024	The pentose phosphate / hexose monophosphate pathway occurs in the {{c1::cytosol of the cell}}
Published	11/02/2024	Pentose phosphate pathway provides the major portion of the body's {{c1::NADPH}}
Published	11/02/2024	The Pentose Phosphate or Hexose Monophosphate Pathway (HMP) provides (3):
Published	11/02/2024	RBCs require {{c1::NADPH}} to keep glutathione reduced
Published	11/02/2024	What is the rate-limiting reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Published	11/02/2024	What do the reversible, non-oxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway catalyze?
Published	11/02/2024	The reversible non-oxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway permit {{c1::ribulose 5-phosphate}} to be converted to either {{c1::ribose 5P}…
Published	11/02/2024	Cells that carry out {{c1::reductive biosynthesis}} have a greater need for {{c2::NADPH}} than for {{c2::ribose 5-phosphate}}
Published	11/02/2024	When the demand for ribose for incorporation into nucleotides is greater than need for NADPH, then the non-oxidative reactions can provide {{c2::ribos…
Published	11/02/2024	When the NADP+/NADPH ratio is very low (NADPH / NADP+ ratio high), it favors use of NADPH in {{c1::reductive biosynthetic}} reactions
Published	11/02/2024	NADPH is the cellular source of reducing equivalents for biosynthetic processes such as {{c1::fatty acid, steroid and cholesterol biosynthesis}}
Published	11/02/2024	What role does NADPH play in antioxidant reactions?
Published	11/02/2024	Antioxidant Chemicals:{{c1::Ascorbic acid}}, {{c1::vitamin E}} and {{c1::beta-carotene}} are all able to reduce and detoxify reactive oxygen intermedi…
Published	11/02/2024	Arginine, O2 and {{c1::NADPH}} are substrates for cytosolic nitric oxide synthase (synthesizes NO)
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::G6PD deficiency}} is the most common enzyme deficiency that produces human disease
Published	11/02/2024	Why does a G6PD deficiency affect RBCs so severely?
Published	11/02/2024	What are common oxidant drugs that can trigger G6PD deficiency symptoms to present themselves?
Published	11/02/2024	Almost all known G6PD variants are caused by {{c1::point mutations}}. The severity of the disease generally correlates with the {{c1::amount of residu…
Published	11/02/2024	Is ATP generated or lost in the PPP?{{c1::no}}
Published	11/02/2024	Is the oxidative portion of the PPP reversible or irreversible?{{c1::irreversible}}Is the non-oxidative portion of the PPP reversible or irreversible?…
Published	11/02/2024	The oxidative portion of the PPP generates {{c1::2 NADPH, 1 CO2, and 1 ribulose-5-phosphate}} per molecule of glucose-6P
Published	11/02/2024	In what cell types is the production of NADPH most important?{{c1::erythrocytes}}
Published	11/02/2024	In the rate limiting step of the PPP, {{c1::G6P}} is converted to {{c1::6-phosphogluconolactone}} by {{c1::G6PD}} with {{c1::NADP+}} as a cofactor
Published	11/02/2024	The pentose phosphate pathway is primarily inhibited by {{c1::NADPH}}
Published	11/02/2024	under most metabolic conditions, what is the ratio of NADPH/NADP+
Published	11/02/2024	The PPP can be upregulated by {{c1::insulin}} which induces expression of G6PD
Published	11/02/2024	In the second step of the PPP, 6-phosphogluconolactone is hydrolyzed to {{c1::6-phosphogluconate}}
Published	11/02/2024	In the third step of the PPP, 6-phosphogluconate is converted to {{c1::ribulose-5-phosphate}} generating a molecule of {{c1::NADPH and CO2}}
Published	11/02/2024	what is the first non-oxidative step of the PPP
Published	11/02/2024	The following enzymes are responsible for linking the PPP back to glycolysis:{{c1::transketolase - interconverts F6P and ribose-5-phosphate}}{{c1::tra…
Published	11/02/2024	how does NADPH differ from NADH
Published	11/02/2024	reductive/oxidative roles of NADP(H) molecules depends on
Published	11/02/2024	NADPH is a
Published	11/02/2024	The following are the molecules primarily damaged by reactive oxygen species:{{c1::DNA, proteins, unsaturated lipids}}
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Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Reduced glutathione (G-SH)}} can chemically detoxify H2O2.
Published	11/02/2024	The reduction of H2O2 in erythrocytes is mediated solely by the enzyme {{c1::glutathione peroxidase}} with {{c1::reduced glutathione}} as a cofactor
Published	11/02/2024	Glutathione peroxidase activity generates {{c1::oxidized glutathione from reduced glutathione and water from H2O2}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Reduced glutathione is replenished via the enzyme {{c1::glutathione reducatase}} with {{c1::NADPH}} as a cofactor
Published	11/02/2024	What other detoxification methods exist besides glutathione?{{c1::superoxide dismutase (mitochondria)catalase (peroxisomes)}}
Published	11/02/2024	Nitric oxide synthase requires the cofactors {{c1::NADPH}}, {{c1::BH4}}, and {{c1::FMN}}
Published	11/02/2024	G6PD deficiency is inherited in a(n) {{c1::X-linked recessive}} manner
Published	11/02/2024	The most common genetic cause of hemolytic anemia is {{c1::G6PD deficiency}}
Published	11/02/2024	G6PD deficiencies most commonly affects {{c1::males}} of {{c1::african}}, {{c1::asian}}, and {{c1::mediterranean}} descent
Published	11/02/2024	G6PD mutations are thought to protect against {{c1::plasmodium falciparum malaria}}.
Published	11/02/2024	A lack of G6PD results primarily in reduced levels of {{c1::NADPH}} and secondarily in a lack of {{c1::reduced glutathione}}
Published	11/02/2024	G6PD deficiencies are normally {{c1::asymptomatic}}, however, flareups can cause {{c1::hemolytic}} anemia, {{c1::unconjugated}} hyperbilirubinemia, we…
Published	11/02/2024	G6PD deficiencies present with {{c1::heinz bodies::histological manifestation}} and {{c1::bite/blister cells::histological manifestation}}
Published	11/02/2024	G6PD deficiency is an {{c1::X-linked recessive::inheritance pattern}} disorder thought to have evolved as a protectant against {{c1::plasmodia falcipa…
Published	11/02/2024	the precipitating factors of hemolysis in G6PD deficiency are:{{c1::infections}}{{c1::oxidant drugs}}{{c1::consumption of flava beans or inhaling flav…
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