Notes in Pathoma RBC

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Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Anemia}} is defined as a reduction in circulating red blood cell (RBC) mass
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia may present with signs and symptoms of {{c1::hypoxia}}
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia may present with {{c1::pale}} conjunctiva and skin
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia may present with {{c1::angina}}, especially with pre-existing coronary artery disease
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia is defined as Hb < {{c1::13.5}} g/dL in males
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia is defined as Hb < {{c1::12.5}} g/dL in females
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Hemoglobin (Hb)}}, {{c2::hematocrit (Hct)}} and RBC count are used as surrogates for RBC mass, which is difficult to measure
Published	12/13/2024	What measurement is used to classify anemia as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic? {{c1::Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia is classified as {{c1::microcytic}} if the MCV {{c2::< 80}} μm3
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia is classified as {{c1::normocytic}} when the MCV is between {{c2::80}} to {{c2::100}} μm3
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia is classified as {{c1::macrocytic}} when the MCV {{c2::> 100}} μm3
Published	12/13/2024	Microcytic anemias are due to decreased production of {{c1::hemoglobin}}
Published	12/13/2024	Hemoglobin is made of {{c1::heme}} and {{c1::globin}}
Published	12/13/2024	Heme is composed of {{c1::iron}} and {{c1::protoporphyrin}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common type of anemia? {{c1::Iron deficiency anemia}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world? {{c1::Iron deficiency}}
Published	12/13/2024	Stored intracellular iron is bound to {{c1::ferritin}}, which prevents iron from forming free radicals via the Fenton reaction
Published	12/13/2024	Serum {{c1::iron}} is a measure of iron in the blood
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)}} is a measure of {{c2::transferrin}} molecules in the blood
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::% saturation}} is a measure of the percent of transferrin molecules that are bound by iron
Published	12/13/2024	What % of transferrin molecules are normally bound by iron? {{c1::~ 33%}}
Published	12/13/2024	Serum {{c1::ferritin}} is a reflection of iron stores in macrophages and the liver
Published	12/13/2024	In general, iron deficiency is usually caused by {{c1::dietary lack}} or {{c2::blood loss}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in infants? {{c1::Breastfeeding (human milk is low in iron)}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in children? {{c1::Poor diet}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in male adults (20-50 years old)? {{c1::Peptic ulcer disease}}
Published	12/13/2024	What are the most common causes of iron deficiency in female adults (20-50 years old)? {{c1::Menorrhagia or pregnancy::2}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in the elderly (Western world)? {{c1::Colon polyps/carcinoma}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common cause of iron deficiency in the elderly (developing world)? {{c1::Hookworm infection}}
Published	12/13/2024	Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} ferritin
Published	12/13/2024	Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by {{c1::increased}} TIBC
Published	12/13/2024	Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} serum iron
Published	12/13/2024	Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} % saturation
Published	12/13/2024	Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by {{c1::hypo}}-chromic RBCs
Published	12/13/2024	What microcytic anemia is associated with an increased RDW? {{c1::Iron deficiency anemia}}
Published	12/13/2024	Iron deficiency anemia is associated with a(n) {{c1::increased}} free erythrocyte {{c2::protoporphyrin (FEP)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Treatment of iron deficiency anemia involves supplemental {{c1::iron (ferrous sulfate)}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Plummer-Vinson}} syndrome is {{c4::iron deficiency}} anemia with {{c1::esophageal webs}} and atrophic {{c2::glossitis}}
Published	12/13/2024	What pathology is characterized by a triad of iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, and a beefy red tongue? {{c1::Plummer-Vinson syndrome}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Anemia of chronic disease}} is an anemia associated with cancer and chronic inflammation
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common type of anemia in hospitalized patients? {{c1::Anemia of chronic disease (ACD)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Chronic disease results in {{c1::increased}} hepcidin release from the {{c2::liver}}
Published	12/13/2024	Hepcidin suppresses production of the hormone {{c1::erythropoietin (EPO)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia of chronic disease is characterized by {{c1::increased}} ferritin
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia of chronic disease is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} TIBC
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia of chronic disease is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} serum iron
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia of chronic disease is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} % saturation
Published	12/13/2024	Early stages of anemia of chronic disease cause a(n) {{c1::normocytic::MCV}} anemia
Published	12/13/2024	Later stages of anemia of chronic disease cause a(n) {{c1::microcytic::MCV}} anemia
Published	12/13/2024	Anemia of chronic disease is associated with a(n) {{c1::increased}} free erythrocyte {{c2::protoporphyrin (FEP)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which microcytic anemias present with increased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin? {{c1::Iron deficiency anemia, Anemia of chronic disease::2}}
Published	12/13/2024	Treatment for anemia of chronic disease involves addressing the {{c1::underlying cause}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Sideroblastic anemia}} is an anemia due to defective {{c2::protoporphyrin}} synthesis
Published	12/13/2024	If protoporphyrin is deficient (e.g. sideroblastic anemia), iron remains trapped in the {{c1::mitochondria}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Sideroblastic}} anemia is associated with {{c1::ringed sideroblasts}}, in which iron-laden mitochondria form a ring around the nucleus of erythr…
Published	12/13/2024	What histological stain is used to visualize iron? {{c1::Prussian blue}}
Published	12/13/2024	Congenital sideroblastic anemia is most commonly due to a defect in the enzyme {{c1::δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Is the ALAS gene defect in congenital sideroblastic anemia an autosomal or X-linked defect? {{c1::X-linked}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common reversible cause of sideroblastic anemia? {{c1::Alcoholism}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Sideroblastic}} anemia may be caused by {{c1::lead}} poisoning
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Sideroblastic}} anemia may be caused by vitamin {{c1::B6}} deficiency
Published	12/13/2024	What mineral deficiency can cause sideroblastic anemia?{{c1::Copper deficiency}}
Published	12/13/2024	Sideroblastic anemia is a cause of {{c1::microcytic::MCV}} anemia
Published	12/13/2024	Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by {{c1::increased}} ferritin
Published	12/13/2024	Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} TIBC
Published	12/13/2024	Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by {{c1::increased}} serum iron
Published	12/13/2024	Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by {{c1::increased}} % saturation
Published	12/13/2024	What is the treatment for sideroblastic anemia?{{c1::Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Thalassemia}} is an anemia due to decreased synthesis of {{c2::globin chains}}
Published	12/13/2024	Thalassemia is a cause of {{c1::microcytic::MCV}} anemia
Published	12/13/2024	Thalassemia is an inherited mutation that protects carriers against {{c1::Plasmodium falciparum}} {{c2::malaria}}
Published	12/13/2024	One normal type of hemoglobin is {{c2::HbF}} which is composed of two {{c1::α}} and two {{c1::γ}} chains
Published	12/13/2024	One normal type of hemoglobin is {{c2::HbA}} which is composed of two {{c1::α}} and two {{c1::β}} chains
Published	12/13/2024	One normal type of hemoglobin is {{c2::HbA2}} which is composed of two {{c1::α}} and two {{c1::δ}} chains
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::α}}-thalassemia is usually due to gene {{c1::deletions}}
Published	12/13/2024	There are normally {{c1::four}} total α-globin alleles present on chromosome {{c2::16}}
Published	12/13/2024	How does α-thalassemia with one gene deleted present?{{c1::Asymptomatic}}
Published	12/13/2024	α-thalassemia due to a two gene deletion presents with mild {{c1::anemia}} with a(n) {{c2::increased}} RBC count
Published	12/13/2024	α-thalassemia with a(n) {{c1::cis::cis or trans}} deletion is more prevalent in {{c2::Asian}} populations
Published	12/13/2024	α-thalassemia with a(n) {{c1::trans::cis or trans}} deletion is more prevalent in {{c2::African}} populations
Published	12/13/2024	Which type of gene deletion (cis or trans) is associated with an increased risk of severe thalassemia in offspring? {{c1::Cis deletion}}
Published	12/13/2024	α-thalassemia due to a three gene deletion presents with {{c1::HbH}} disease and severe anemia
Published	12/13/2024	α-thalassemia due to a(n) {{c3::three}} gene deletion is characterized by formation of {{c1::β4}} tetramers, known as {{c2::HbH}}
Published	12/13/2024	Do patients with α-thalassemia due to a three gene deletion have any α-globin? {{c1::Yes (very little)}}
Published	12/13/2024	α-thalassemia due to a four gene deletion causes {{c1::hydrops fetalis}} (lethal in utero)
Published	12/13/2024	α-thalassemia due to a(n) {{c3::four}} gene deletion is characterized by formation of {{c1::γ4}} tetramers, known as {{c2::Hb Barts}}
Published	12/13/2024	Do patients with α-thalassemia due to a four gene deletion have any α-globin? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::β}}-thalassemia is usually due to gene {{c1::mutations}}
Published	12/13/2024	β-thalassemia is often due to mutations in {{c1::splice sites}} and {{c2::promoter sequences}}
Published	12/13/2024	β-thalassemia is most commonly seen in individuals of {{c1::African}} or {{c2::Mediterranean}} descent
Published	12/13/2024	There are {{c1::two}} total β-globin alleles present on chromosome {{c2::11}}
Published	12/13/2024	β-thalassemia mutations in β-globin genes result in {{c1::absent (β0)}} or {{c2::diminished (β+)}} production of the β-globin chain
Published	12/13/2024	β-thalassemia {{c1::minor (β/β+)}} is the mildest form of disease; asymptomatic with increased RBC count
Published	12/13/2024	What type of pathologic RBC is seen with β-thalassemia?{{c1::Target cells}}
Published	12/13/2024	Diagnosis of {{c3::β-thalassemia minor}} is confirmed by an isolated increase in {{c1::HbA2}} ({{c2::> 3.5}}%) on electrophoresis
Published	12/13/2024	β-thalassemia {{c1::major (β0/β0)}} is the most severe form of the disease; causes severe anemia a few months after birth
Published	12/13/2024	When does β-thalassemia major (β0/β0) typically present? {{c1::Months after birth}}
Published	12/13/2024	Why is β-thalassemia major not problematic at birth? {{c1::High HbF is temporarily protective}}
Published	12/13/2024	In β-thalassemia major, {{c1::α4}} tetramers precipitate and damage RBCs
Published	12/13/2024	In β-thalassemia major, α4 tetramers result in {{c1::ineffective}} erythropoiesis and {{c2::extravascular}} hemolysis
Published	12/13/2024	β-thalassemia {{c3::major}} is characterized by expansion of hematopoiesis into the {{c1::skull}}, leading to a "{{c2::crewcut}}" appearance on X-ray
Published	12/13/2024	β-thalassemia {{c2::major}} is characterized by expansion of hematopoiesis into facial bones, leading to "{{c1::chipmunk}} facies"
Published	12/13/2024	Which type of thalassemia (α or β) is associated with a "crewcut" skull appearance on X-ray?{{c1::β-thalassemia (major)}}
Published	12/13/2024	β-thalassemia major is associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis, which can be observed on abdominal physical exam as an enlargement of the {{c1::l…
Published	12/13/2024	Patients with β-thalassemia major are at risk of {{c2::aplastic crisis}} with {{c1::parvovirus B19}} infection of erythroid precursors
Published	12/13/2024	Treatment of β-thalassemia major involves chronic {{c1::transfusions}}, which increases risk for secondary {{c2::hemochromatosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	β-thalassemia major may be associated with {{c1::nucleated::feature}} RBCs on blood smear
Published	12/13/2024	β-thalassemia major may have increased {{c1::anisopoikilocytosis}}, which refers to the presence of abnormally shaped and unequally sized RBCs on…
Published	12/13/2024	Hemoglobin electrophoresis of a patient with β-thalassemia major shows little or no {{c1::HbA}}
Published	12/13/2024	Most microcytic anemias are also {{c1::hypo}}-chromic
Published	12/13/2024	Vitamins {{c1::B9 (folate)}} and {{c1::B12}} are necessary for synthesis of DNA precursors
Published	12/13/2024	Lack of folate or vitamin B12 impairs {{c1::synthesis}} of DNA precursors
Published	12/13/2024	Impaired division and enlargement of RBC precursors leads to {{c1::megaloblastic}}, macrocytic anemia
Published	12/13/2024	Megaloblastic anemia occurs due to delayed maturation of the {{c1::nucleus}} relative to the {{c1::cytoplasm}} of precursor RBCs
Published	12/13/2024	Megaloblastic anemia is a cause of {{c1::macrocytic::MCV}} anemia
Published	12/13/2024	Megaloblastic anemia is associated with {{c1::glossitis::tongue}}
Published	12/13/2024	In addition to RBCs, megaloblastic anemia also leads to megaloblastic change in cells that are {{c1::rapidly-dividing}}
Published	12/13/2024	One cause of folate deficiency is poor diet, which is often seen in {{c1::alcoholics::not children}} and the elderly
Published	12/13/2024	One cause of folate deficiency is {{c1::drugs}}, such as folate antagonists
Published	12/13/2024	Folate deficiency is characterized by {{c1::hypersegmented}} neutrophils
Published	12/13/2024	Folate deficiency is characterized by {{c1::increased}} serum homocysteine
Published	12/13/2024	Does folate deficiency present with neurologic symptoms? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	Dietary vitamin B12 is complexed to animal-derived {{c1::proteins}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Salivary}} gland enzymes liberate vitamin B12 from animal-derived proteins
Published	12/13/2024	Which is more common, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency? {{c1::Folate deficiency}}
Published	12/13/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency takes {{c1::years}} to develop due to large hepatic stores
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?{{c1::Pernicious anemia}}
Published	12/13/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency may occur with {{c1::pancreatic}} insufficiency; due to inability to cleave R-binder from B12
Published	12/13/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by {{c1::macrocytic::MCV}} RBCs
Published	12/13/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by {{c1::hypersegmented}} neutrophils
Published	12/13/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by {{c1::increased}} serum homocysteine
Published	12/13/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause {{c1::subacute combined degeneration::long name}} of the spinal cord
Published	12/13/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B12}} deficiency may result in poor {{c1::proprioception}} and {{c2::vibratory}} sense due to damage to the dorsal (posterior) column of…
Published	12/13/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B12}} deficiency may result in {{c1::spastic::type}} paresis due to damage to the lateral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Non-megaloblastic}} macrocytic anemia occurs when DNA synthesis is {{c1::unimpaired::impaired or unimpaired}}
Published	12/13/2024	Does non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia present with hypersegmented neutrophils? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	Non-hereditary causes of non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia include {{c1::liver}} disease and {{c2::alcoholism}}
Published	12/13/2024	Normocytic anemia is either due to {{c1::peripheral destruction (hemolysis)}} or {{c2::underproduction}}
Published	12/13/2024	What measure is used to distinguish between peripheral destruction and underproduction in normocytic anemia?{{c1::Reticulocyte count}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Reticulocytes}} are young RBCs released from the bone marrow
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Reticulocytes}} are identified on blood smear as {{c1::large::size}} RBCs with a(n) {{c2::bluish::color}} cytoplasm
Published	12/13/2024	Reticulocytes have a bluish cytoplasm on Wright-Giemsa stain due to presence of residual {{c1::ribosomal RNA}}
Published	12/13/2024	A normal reticulocyte count is between {{c1::1}} to {{c1::2}}%
Published	12/13/2024	A properly functioning marrow responds to anemia by increasing the reticulocyte count to {{c1::> 3}}%
Published	12/13/2024	Reticulocyte count may be falsely {{c1::elevated}} in anemia
Published	12/13/2024	Reticulocyte count in anemia can be corrected by multiplying reticulocyte count by {{c1::Hct/45}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the general underlying cause of a normocytic anemia with a corrected reticulocyte count > 3%? {{c1::Peripheral destruction (hemolysis)}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the general underlying cause of a normocytic anemia with a corrected reticulocyte count < 3%? {{c1::Underproduction}}
Published	12/13/2024	Normocytic anemia due to peripheral destruction is further divided into {{c1::extravascular}} and {{c1::intravascular}} hemolysis
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Extra}}-vascular hemolysis involves RBC destruction by the reticuloendothelial system (RES)
Published	12/13/2024	The hemoglobin within macrophages that have consumed RBCs is broken down into {{c1::heme}} and {{c1::globin}}
Published	12/13/2024	The globin within macrophages that have consumed RBCs is further broken down into {{c1::amino acids}}
Published	12/13/2024	The heme within macrophages that have consumed RBCs is further broken down into {{c1::iron}} and {{c1::protoporphyrin}}
Published	12/13/2024	What happens to the iron (from heme) within macrophages that have consumed RBCs?{{c1::It is recycled}}
Published	12/13/2024	The protoporphyrin (from heme) within macrophages that have consumed RBCs is broken down into {{c1::unconjugated bilirubin}}
Published	12/13/2024	Normocytic anemia with {{c2::extra}}-vascular hemolysis is associated with enlargement of the {{c1::spleen (splenomegaly)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Why does extravascular hemolysis result in splenomegaly? {{c1::Hyperplasia of splenic macrophages (red pulp hyperplasia)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Normocytic anemia with extravascular hemolysis is associated with {{c1::jaundice}} due to increased serum {{c2::unconjugated bilirubin}}
Published	12/13/2024	Normocytic anemia with extravascular hemolysis is associated with increased risk for {{c1::bilirubin}} gallstones
Published	12/13/2024	Normocytic anemia with extravascular hemolysis is associated with marrow {{c1::hyperplasia}} with corrected reticulocyte count > 3%
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Intra}}-vascular hemolysis involves destruction of RBCs within vessels
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Intra}}-vascular hemolysis results in passage of hemoglobin into the blood
Published	12/13/2024	Some of the hemoglobin in the blood due to intravascular hemolysis is returned to the spleen by {{c1::haptoglobin}} molecules
Published	12/13/2024	Normocytic anemia with {{c2::intra}}-vascular hemolysis is associated with {{c1::decreased}} serum haptoglobin
Published	12/13/2024	Normocytic anemia with {{c2::intra}}-vascular hemolysis may cause leakage of hemoglobin into the {{c1::blood}} and {{c1::urine}}
Published	12/13/2024	Days after an episode of {{c2::intra}}-vascular hemolysis, {{c1::hemosiderin}} may be seen in the urine
Published	12/13/2024	What enzyme may be elevated in hemolytic anemia (both extra- and intravascular)? {{c1::Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Extra- and intravascular hemolysis may present with increased {{c1::urobilinogen}} in the urine, which results from increased conjugated bilirubin
Published	12/13/2024	Does extravascular hemolysis present with hemoglobinuria and/or hemosiderinuria? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	Hereditary spherocytosis is a cause of microcytic or {{c1::normocytic::MCV}} anemia
Published	12/13/2024	Hereditary spherocytosis is primarily characterized by {{c1::extravascular}} hemolysis
Published	12/13/2024	Hereditary spherocytosis most commonly involves defects in {{c1::ankyrin}}, {{c2::spectrin}}, {{c3::band 3.1}}, or protein 4.2
Published	12/13/2024	What RBC pathology is characterized by formation and loss of membrane blebs over time?{{c1::Hereditary spherocytosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Loss of membrane blebs in hereditary spherocytosis renders RBCs {{c1::round (spherocytes)}} instead of disc-shaped
Published	12/13/2024	Spherocytes are characterized by {{c1::no}} central pallor
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Spherocytes}} are pathologic RBCs that have a(n) {{c1::increased}} mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Published	12/13/2024	Hereditary spherocytosis is characterized by a(n) {{c1::increased}} RDW
Published	12/13/2024	Compared to younger spherocytes, older spherocytes are {{c1::smaller::size}}
Published	12/13/2024	Patients with hereditary spherocytosis are at risk of {{c2::aplastic crisis}} with {{c1::parvovirus B19}} infection of erythroid precursors
Published	12/13/2024	Hereditary {{c2::spherocytosis}} is diagnosed by the {{c1::osmotic fragility}} test
Published	12/13/2024	Hereditary spherocytosis demonstrates increased spherocyte fragility in {{c1::hypo}}-tonic solution (osmotic fragility test)
Published	12/13/2024	What is the treatment for severe or refractory hereditary spherocytosis? {{c1::Splenectomy}}
Published	12/13/2024	Does anemia persist following splenectomy in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	What finding emerges on blood smear following splenectomy in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis? {{c1::Howell-Jolly bodies}}
Published	12/13/2024	Sickle cell anemia is a cause of {{c1::normocytic::MCV}} anemia
Published	12/13/2024	Does sickle cell anemia result in extravascular or intravascular hemolysis?{{c1::Both :)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the {{c1::β}} chain of hemoglobin
Published	12/13/2024	What is the mode of inheritance of sickle cell anemia? {{c1::Autosomal recessive}}
Published	12/13/2024	Sickle cell anemia occurs due to a point mutation that substitutes {{c1::glutamic acid}} (hydrophilic) with {{c1::valine}} (hydrophobic)
Published	12/13/2024	The sickle cell (HbS) allele is carried by {{c1::8 - 10}}% of African Americans
Published	12/13/2024	The high prevalence of the sickle cell allele in Africans is likely due to its protective role against {{c1::Plasmodium falciparum}} malaria
Published	12/13/2024	Does sickle cell trait (one HbS allelle) protect against malaria? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	12/13/2024	Sickle cell {{c2::disease}} arises when two abnormal β genes are present; results in >90% HbS in RBCs
Published	12/13/2024	When exposed to conditions that favor the {{c2::taut}} form of Hemoglobin, HbS {{c1::polymerizes}} and forms needle-like structures ("sickle cells")
Published	12/13/2024	In addition to sickle cells, what other pathological RBC is seen on blood smear in a sickle cell disease patient? {{c1::Target cells}}
Published	12/13/2024	What are the three main conditions which precipitate sickling in sickle cell anemia? {{c1::Hypoxemia}}, {{c2::dehydration}}, and {{c3::acidosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	How does sickle cell anemia present in newborns? Why? {{c1::Asymptomatic (high HbF, low HbS)}}
Published	12/13/2024	What form of hemoglobin protects against sickling in sickle cell anemia? {{c1::HbF}}
Published	12/13/2024	Sickle cell anemia is associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis, which initially leads to enlargement of the {{c1::liver and the spleen}}
Published	12/13/2024	Sickle cell anemia is characterized by expansion of hematopoiesis into facial bones, leading to "{{c1::chipmunk}} facies"
Status	Last Update	Fields