Notes in 01 Levels of the Nervous System

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Published	04/18/2024	What is the embryonic origin of CNS neurons? {{c1::Neural tube (neuroectoderm)}}
Published	04/18/2024	What is the embryonic origin of PNS neurons? {{c1::Neural crest}}
Published	04/18/2024	Neurulation begins in the {{c1::third}} week of fetal development
Published	04/18/2024	By the end of the third week, neural {{c2::folds}} grow over the midline and fuse to form the {{c1::neural tube}}
Published	04/18/2024	During closure of neural folds, the {{c1::neural crest}} cells form from neuroectoderm
Published	04/18/2024	The most superior of the 3 primary vesicles (developing brain) is the {{c1::forebrain (prosencephalon)}}
Published	04/18/2024	The middle of the 3 primary vesicles (developing brain) is the {{c1::midbrain}}
Published	04/18/2024	The most inferior of the 3 primary vesicles (developing brain) is the {{c1::hindbrain (rhombencephalon)}}
Published	04/18/2024	The {{c3::forebrain/prosencephalon}} (primary vesicle) matures into the {{c1::telencephalon}} and {{c2::diencephalon}} (secondary vesicles)
Published	04/18/2024	The {{c2::midbrain}} (primary vesicle) matures into the {{c1::mesencephalon}} (secondary vesicle)
Published	04/18/2024	The {{c3::hindbrain}} (primary vesicle) matures into the {{c1::metencephalon}} and {{c2::myelencephalon}} (secondary vesicles)
Published	04/18/2024	The embryonic brain stem and spinal cord have a(n) {{c2::dorsally}}-located {{c1::alar}} plate
Published	04/18/2024	The embryonic alar plate gives rise to {{c1::sensory::motor or sensory}} derivatives
Published	04/18/2024	The embryonic brain stem and spinal cord have a(n) {{c2::ventrally}}-located {{c1::basal}} plate
Published	04/18/2024	The embryonic basal plate gives rise to {{c1::motor::motor or sensory}} derivatives
Published	04/09/2024	{{c2::Oligodendrocytes}} are responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the {{c1::central}} nervous system
Published	04/09/2024	{{c2::Schwann cells}} are responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the {{c1::peripheral}} nervous system
Published	04/18/2024	What is the embryonic origin of microglia? {{c1::Mesoderm}}
Published	04/18/2024	Most (80-90%) of the corticospinal tract fibers decussate just below the {{c2::caudal medulla}} at the {{c1::pyramidal}} decussation
Published	04/18/2024	The {{c1::corticospinal}} tract in the brain is responsible for voluntary movement of {{c2::contra}}-lateral limbs
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Syringomyelia}} is a cystic cavity within the central canal of the spinal cord (yellow arrows)
Published	04/18/2024	{{c4::Syringomyelia}} results in {{c3::bi}}-lateral loss of {{c1::pain}} and {{c1::temperature}} sensation in a "{{c2::cape-like}}" distribution
Published	04/18/2024	{{c2::Syringomyelia}} is a spinal cord lesion that arises with trauma and tumors or in association with {{c1::Chiari I}} malformation
Published	04/18/2024	Chiari {{c2::I}} malformation is characterized by downward displacement of the {{c1::cerebellar tonsils}} through the foramen magnum
Published	04/18/2024	Chiari {{c1::I}} malformation is congenital and is mostly asymptomatic in childhood
Published	04/18/2024	Chiari I malformation may present as paroxysmal occipital {{c1::headaches}} and cerebellar symptoms
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Neural tube}} defects arise due to failure of the neuropores to fuse by the {{c2::4th}} week of pregnancy
Published	04/09/2024	{{c2::Neural tube}} defects are associated with low {{c1::folate}} levels prior to conception and during pregnancy
Published	04/18/2024	Neural tube defects are detected during prenatal care by {{c2::elevated}} {{c1::alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)}} levels in the amniotic fluid and maternal bl…
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Anencephaly}} is the absence of the skull and brain, resulting in an open calvarium with an absent forebrain
Published	04/18/2024	What pathology is associated with disruption of the cranial end of the neural tube? {{c1::Anencephaly}}
Published	04/18/2024	{{c2::Anencephaly}} leads to a "{{c1::frog-like}}" appearance of the fetus due to prominent eyes
Published	04/18/2024	Anencephaly is characterized by {{c1::elevated}} levels of AFP in utero
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Holoprosencephaly}} is due to failure of the left and right hemispheres to separate
Published	04/09/2024	Holoprosencephaly may be related to mutations in the {{c1::sonic hedgehog}} signaling pathway
Published	04/18/2024	The severe form of holoprosencephaly results in {{c1::cyclopia (one eye)}} and a primitive nasal structure (proboscis)
Published	04/18/2024	Holoprosencephaly is seen in {{c1::Patau}} syndrome and {{c2::fetal alcohol}} syndrome
Published	04/18/2024	Which form of spina bifida is associated with failure of the bony spinal canal to close but with no herniation? {{c1::Spina bifida occulta}}
Published	04/18/2024	Spina bifida occulta is usually seen at {{c1::lower::upper or lower}} vertebral levels
Published	04/18/2024	Which form of spina bifida is associated with a tuft of hair or skin dimple at the level of the bone defect? {{c1::Spina bifida occulta}}
Published	04/18/2024	Spina bifida occulta is characterized by {{c1::normal}} levels of AFP in utero
Published	04/18/2024	Which form of spina bifida is associated with herniation of meninges (but no neural tissue) through the bony defect? {{c1::Meningocele}}
Published	04/18/2024	{{c2::Dandy-Walker}} malformation is a congenital failure of the {{c1::cerebellar vermis}} to develop
Published	04/18/2024	{{c3::Dandy-Walker}} malformation presents as a massively dilated {{c1::4th ventricle}} and an absent {{c2::cerebellar vermis}}
Published	04/18/2024	Chiari {{c2::II}} malformation is characterized by downward displacement of the cerebellar {{c1::vermis}} and {{c3::tonsils}} and the {{c4::medulla}} …
Published	04/18/2024	Chiari {{c2::II}} malformation commonly results in aqueductal stenosis, which causes {{c1::hydrocephalus}}
Published	04/18/2024	Chiari {{c2::II}} malformation is often associated with lumbosacral {{c1::meningomyelocele}}
Published	04/18/2024	Rules of 4: Lesions in the brain stem that affect the {{c1::spinothalamic tract}} result in {{c2::contra}}-lateral alteration of pain and temperature …
Published	04/18/2024	Which part of the brain initiates and provides gross control over skeletal muscle movement? {{c1::Basal ganglia}}
Published	04/18/2024	The language centers are found in the "dominant" hemisphere, which is most commonly the {{c1::left}} hemisphere (80%)
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Aphasia}} is a higher-order language deficit (inability to understand, speak, read, and/or write) caused by pathology in the language centers of…
Published	04/18/2024	The {{c1::limbic}} system is a collection of neural structures involved in emotion, long-term memory, olfaction, behavior modulation, and ANS function
Published	04/18/2024	Structures of the {{c1::limbic}} system include the hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, and cingulate gyrus
Published	04/18/2024	Which part of the limbic system is responsible for learning and memory? {{c1::Hippocampus}}
Published	04/18/2024	Holoprosencephaly is characterized by a monoventricle and fusion of {{c1::basal ganglia}} on MRI
Published	04/18/2024	Mutation in the sonic hedgehog gene can cause {{c1::holoprosencephaly::specific/head}}
Published	04/09/2024	Syringomyelia (cystic dilation of central cord) is associated with Chiari {{c1::I}} malformations
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Lissencephaly (agyria)}} is a congenital absence of gyri that is typically accompanied by severe mental retardation and seizures
Published	04/09/2024	Failed closure of vertebral lamina and meningeal herniation is seen in {{c1::meningocele::condition}}
Published	04/09/2024	What chromosomal abnormality is associated with holoprosencephaly/microcephaly, intellectual disability, cleft lip/palate, and small eyes? {{c1::Triso…
Published	04/09/2024	{{c1::Syringomyelia::condition}} is associated with Chiari I malformation{{c1::Meningomyelocele::condition}} is associated with Chiari II malformation
Published	04/18/2024	Chiari malformations (II and I) may compress the corticospinal motor tracts and lead to {{c1::upper}} motor neuron&…
Published	04/09/2024	If the posterior neuropore fails to close, {{c1::spina bifida}} or {{c1::spina bifida occulta}} may develop
Published	04/09/2024	If the anterior neuropore fails to close, {{c1::encephalocele}} or {{c1::anencephaly}} may develop
Published	04/09/2024	In the CNS, {{c1::oligodendrocytes::glial cell type}} make myelin, while in the PNS, {{c1::Schwann cells::glial cell type}} make myelin
Published	04/09/2024	The border between the brain stem and the spinal cord is the {{c1::foramen magnum}}
Published	04/09/2024	The pyramidal tract is another name for the {{c1::corticospinal}} tract
Published	04/09/2024	{{c1::Apraxia}} is an inability to execute complex, {{c2::learned}} motor tasks
Published	04/09/2024	{{c1::Agnosia}} is an inability to interpret complex sensory information
Published	04/09/2024	Aphasia, apraxia, and agnosia are indicative of a {{c1::cerebral cortex}} lesion
Published	04/09/2024	The embryonic signals that cause the dorsal side of the spinal cord to differentiate into sensory neurons come from the {{c1::dorsal ectoderm}}
Published	04/09/2024	The embryonic signals that cause the ventral side of the spinal cord to differentiate into motor neurons come from the {{c1::notochord}}
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Published	04/09/2024	The {{c2::dorsal column}} tract carries information for visceral pain
Published	04/09/2024	Segmentation and cleavage are complete by the {{c1::8th}} week of fetal development
Published	04/09/2024	The most severe form of neural tube defect is {{c1::anencephaly}}
Published	04/09/2024	The least severe form of neural tube defect is {{c1::spina bifida occulta}}
Published	04/09/2024	The combination of midline facial clefts, {{c2::hypo}}telorism and oronasal defects should always raise suspicion for {{c1::holoprosencephaly}}
Published	04/09/2024	The most common syndromic cause of holoprosencephaly is {{c1::Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)}}
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Published	04/09/2024	12 Cranial nerves innervate mostly {{c1::ipsilateral}} structures; therefore, {{c1::ipsilateral}} cranial nerve signs and symptoms
Published	04/09/2024	{{c1::Floor/Basal Plate}} secrets {{c1::Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)}} to form {{c2::motor neurons}}
Published	04/09/2024	{{c1::Roof plate}} secretes {{c2::bone morphogenesis protein (BMP)}} to stimulate {{c3::sensory neurons}}
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