Notes in 01IntroToMPR

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prokaryotes::Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes}} exhibit no nuclear membrane.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::prokaryote::prokaryote/eukaryote}} genome is located in the {{c2::nucleoid}} region at the {{c3::mesosome}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::eukaryote::prokaryote/eukaryote}} chromosomal DNA is {{c2::linear}} and complexed with {{c3::histones}} and other proteins.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::prokaryote::prokaryote/eukaryote}} chromosomal DNA is {{c3::circular}} and complexed with {{c2::RNA}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prokaryotes::Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes}} reproduce only asexually by {{c2::binary fission}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prokaryotes::Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes}} possess pilli and fimbriae.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Ribosomes are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Published	07/30/2024	The bacterial cell wall is known to usually contain the structural polymer {{c1::peptidoglycan}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prokaryotes::Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes}} are usually 0.4-2 μm in diameter and 0.5-5 μm in length.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eukaryotes::Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes}} are around 10-100 μm in diameter and >10 μm in length.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prokaryotes::Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes}} contain extrachromosomal DNA in {{c2::plasmids}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The cell wall of {{c2::fungi}} is known to contain {{c1::chitin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A heterotrophic unicellular eukaryote without a cell wall would likely be classified as {{c1::protozoa}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A unicellular extremophillic prokaryote would likely be classified as {{c1::archaea}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A unicellular prokaryote whose cell wall contains peptidoglycan would likely be classified as {{c1::bacteria}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A unicellular/multicellular photosynthetic eukaryote whose cell wall contains cellulose would likely be classified as {{c1::algae}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anoxygenic::Oxygenic/Anoxygenic}} photosynthesis does not produce oxygen.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oxygenic::Oxygenic/Anoxygenic}} photosynthesic microbes comprises most of the earth's photosynthesis (70%).
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anoxygenic::Oxygenic/Anoxygenic}} photosynthesis is comparatively more efficient in extracting energy from sunlight.
Published	07/30/2024	Gastric ulcers are caused by {{c1::Helicobacter pylori}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Taxonomy}} is the science of classifying living things.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nomenclature}} is the assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Classification}} is the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Identification}} is the process of discovering and recording traits of organisms so they can be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme.
Published	07/30/2024	DomainKingdomPhylum or DivisionClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Microbiology}} is the specialized area of biology that deals with living things too small to be seen without magnification.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Surgical masks (PM 2.5) can filter RBCs, pollen, and microorganisms like bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::PET (Positron Emission Tomography)}} is used to detect tumor cells, neoplasm, and lesions more or less 1 cm in size.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MRI and Ultrasound}} allows you to visualize images the size of an ant or hair.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Optical Coherence Tomography}} allows you to visualize images at a cellular level, usually for diagnosis of retinal diseases.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Widefield Microscopy}} refers to regular microscopes in the laboratory, and it is used to appreciate the presence of microorganisms like bacteri…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Electron Microscopy}} is used to see the inner components within the cell up to the 1 nanometer in size.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Helminths}} refer to {{c1::flatworms}} and {{c1::roundworms}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} Noninfectious diseases (such as OCD, obesity, or coronary artery disease) are unrelated to microbes.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} A majority of microorganisms are pathogens.
Published	07/30/2024	In the scientific name. the {{c1::genus}} comes first, and must be capitalized.
Published	07/30/2024	In the scientific name, the {{c1::species/specific epithet}}, is the lowercase portion
Published	07/30/2024	Organisms possessing a {{c2::notochord}} are called {{c1::chordata::phylum}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Protists fall under the domain of {{c1::Eukarya}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, they cannot survive on their own.
Published	07/30/2024	Membrane-bound organelles are absent in {{c1::prokaryotes::prokaryotes/eukaryotes}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Electron transport in {{c1::prokaryotes}} occurs in the {{c2::cell membrane}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Electron transport in {{c1::eukaryotes}} occurs in the {{c2::inner membrane of mitochondria/chloroplasts}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In prokaryotes, {{c1::sterols}} are absent except in {{c2::Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp.::Specific Genus}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The plasma membrane of {{c1::prokaryotes::prokaryotes/eukaryotes}} lacks {{c2::carbohydrates}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The plasma membranes of {{c1::eukaryotes::prokaryotes/eukaryotes}} contain glycolipids and glycoproteins.
Published	07/30/2024	Cilia are present in {{c1::eukaryotes::prokaryotes/eukaryotes}} but absent in {{c1::prokaryotes::prokaryotes/eukaryotes}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Cilia are absent in {{c1::prokaryotes::prokaryotes/eukaryotes}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Spirochetes}} are prokaryotes that have {{c2::microtubules}} in their flagella.
Published	07/30/2024	Prokaryotes produce {{c1::endospores}} in response to harsh environments.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gram-positive::Gram +/-}} cell walls have a thick layer of {{c2::peptidoglycan/murein}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Teichoic acid}} and {{c1::lipoteichoic acid}} are responsible for resistance to beta-lactamase in MRSA, adherence to host tissues, and sept…
Published	07/30/2024	resistance to beta-lactamase in MRSAadherence to host tissuesseptic shock
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::periplasmic space}} is a space between the {{c2::primary cell membrane}} and {{c2::secondary cell membrane}} of gram-negative micr…
Published	07/30/2024	In gram-positive cell walls, {{c1::teichoic acid}} is anchored to the {{c2::peptidoglycan/murein}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In gram-positive cell walls, {{c1::lipoteichoic acid}} is anchored to the {{c2::plasma membrane}}.
Published	07/30/2024	An {{c1::acid-fast}} cell wall is a gram-positive cell wall with a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (mycolic acid).
Published	07/30/2024	Acid-fast cell walls are difficult to stain with {{c1::Gram stain}}, instead, they stain with {{c2::carbolfuschin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Acid-fast stainEvading recognition by immune/inflammatory cellsResisting macrophage digestionImmune stimulation of granuloma formation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gram-positive::Gram +/-}} bacteria have a thick cell wall that can retain {{c2::crystal violet::dye}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gram-negative::Gram +/-}} bacteria have a thin cell wall but have an {{c2::outer membrane}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The cell walls of {{c1::Mycobacter}} have a {{c2::peptidoglycan }}layer and a thick {{c2::mycolic acid }}layer.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Slime layers}} are responsible for the formation of biofilms.
Published	07/30/2024	The bacterial {{c1::capsule}} is composed of polysaccharide polymers and it contributes to {{c2::virulence}} and {{c2::pathogenicity}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Flagella}} are cell appendages that function in rotation and motility.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pili}} are nonmotile tubes that connect two bacterial cells together for {{c2::DNA exchange}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fimbriae}} are hairlike appendages that adhere bacterial cells together or to surfaces.
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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cocci}} are round-shaped bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bacilli}} are rod-shaped bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Spirochetes}} are spiral-shaped bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	Acid Fast Stainfixative: {{c1::heat (Ziehl-Neelsen)}} or {{c1::detergent (Kinyuon)}}primary dye: {{c2::carbolfuschin}}decolorizer:&nbsp…
Published	07/30/2024	Acid-fast microbes appear {{c1::red}} when stained.
Published	07/30/2024	Non acid-fast microbes appear {{c1::blue}} when stained.
Published	07/30/2024	Gram-negative microbes appear {{c1::red}} because the second dye is retained.
Published	07/30/2024	Gram-positive microbes appear {{c1::purple}} because the first dye is retained.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acridine orange}} stains bacteria in blood sample and appears {{c2::bright orange}} under a fluorescent microscope.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Calcofluor white}} binds to the chitin of fungi and appears {{c2::apple green}} under fluorescent microscopy.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Malachite green}} stains endospores {{c2::green}} and bacterial cells {{c3::pink}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Methylene blue}} stains {{c2::Corynebacterium diphtheriae}} for presence of {{c3::metachromatic granules}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::India ink}} is a negative stain that is used to visualize {{c2::capsules}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Carbon}}, {{c1::nitrogen}}, and {{c1::ATP}}, are the three requirements for the growth of bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nutrient}} media is made of extracts of meat or soybean.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Enriched}} media is a growth media with added factors (e.g. blood, vitamins, yeast extract).
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Selective}} media contains additives that inhibit the growth of other bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MacConkey Agar}} inhibits the growth of {{c2::gram-positive}} microbes but not {{c2::gram-negative}} microbes.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Colistin-Nalidixic}} inhibits the growth of {{c2::gram-negative}} microbes but not {{c2::gram-positive}} microbes.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MacConkey Agar}} can also differentiate lactose from non-lactose fermenting microbes.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Differential}} media allows the visualization of metabolic differences between groups of bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Blood}} agar enables the differentiation between hemolytic and non-hemolytic organisms.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transport}} media are used to preserve the viability of organisms but not for multiplication.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mesophiles}} grow at a temperature of {{c2::20-40}}°C but most adapt to {{c3::37°C (human temp)}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thermophiles}} grow at a temperature of {{c2::50-60}}°C.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Capnophilic}} organisms require extra {{c2::CO2}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lag phase}} refers to the phase of the bacterial growth curve where the bacteria are preparing to divide.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::log phase}} refers to the phase of the bacterial growth curve where there is an exponential growth in the bacterial culture.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::stationary phase}} refers to the phase in the bacterial growth curve where there is an constant bacterial count in the bacterial cultur…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::death phase}} refers to the phase of the bacterial growth curve where the number of non-viable bacteria > viable bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::direct count}} is an estimate number of bacteria in a specimen.
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::direct plate count}} determines the number of colony forming units per ml cell count in urine culture.
Published	07/30/2024	In a {{c1::density measurement}}, the cloudiness/turbidity of the broth culture correlates with the CFU/ml of the culture.
Published	07/30/2024	Nomenclature (naming) of organisms was established in 1735 by {{c1::Carolus Linnaeus}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Carl Woese's 3 Domains: {{c1::Bacteria}}{{c1::Archaea}}{{c1::Eukarya}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Viruses}} are acellular & contain one form of genetic material (DNA or RNA).
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eukaryotes::Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes}} contain extrachromosomal DNA in their {{c2::mitochondria}} and {{c2::chloroplasts}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Helminths}} refer to {{c2::flatworms}} and {{c2::roundworms}}
Published	07/30/2024	The plasma membrane of {{c1::prokaryotes::prokaryotes/eukaryotes}} lacks carbohydrates.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::periplasmic space}} is a space between the {{c2::peptidoglycan}} and {{c2::secondary cell membrane}} of gram-n…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Spirochetes}} are prokaryotes that have microtubules in their flagella.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Malachite green}} stains endospores {{c2::green}} and bacterial cells {{c2::pink}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::prokaryote::prokaryote/eukaryote}} chromosomal DNA is {{c2::circular}} and complexed with RNA.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::eukaryote::prokaryote/eukaryote}} chromosomal DNA is {{c2::linear}} and complexed with histones and other prot…
Published	07/30/2024	The cell wall of fungi is known to contain {{c1::chitin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Organisms possessing a notochord are called {{c1::chordata::phylum}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In prokaryotes, sterols are absent except in {{c1::Mycoplasma spp.}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Electron transport in eukaryotes occurs in the {{c1::inner membrane of mitochondria/chloroplasts}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Electron transport in prokaryotes occurs in the {{c1::cell membrane}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Acid Fast StainFixative: {{c1::heat (Ziehl-Neelsen)}} or {{c1::detergent (Kinyoun)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Acid Fast StainPrimary dye: {{c1::Carbolfuschin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Acid Fast StainDecolorizer: {{c1::Acid alcohol}}
Published	07/30/2024	Acid Fast StainSecondary dye: {{c1::Methylene blue}}
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