Notes in [3] Pelvis II (nathan updated)+

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Published	02/20/2024	Course of ureter:In abdomenRuns along with {{c1::psoas major}}Crossed by {{c1::gonadal vessels anteriorly (due to descent of testes)}}At pelvic brimRu…
Published	02/20/2024	The ductus deferens are {{c1::paired tubes}} that {{c1::carry mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts}}Runs {{c2::anterior…
Published	02/20/2024	The seminal vesicle and ampulla has a {{c1::lobulated}} structure.
Published	02/20/2024	Clinical correlation: {{c1::Vasectomy (deferentectomy)}} is an effective method of male sterilisation and permanent contraception - a part of the duc…
Published	02/20/2024	Prostate- has the size and shape of a {{c1::walnut}}- located {{c2::inferiorly}} to the bladder and {{c2::anteriorly}} to the rect…
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Published	02/20/2024	ProstateThe {{c2::prostatic fascia}} contains the1. {{c1::venous plexus}}, which branches from the {{c3::internal iliac vessels}}2. {{c1::ar…
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Published	02/20/2024	The position of the ovaries is very variable- usually it is located {{c2::between the ureter and the external iliac vein}}- enlargement of ovary …
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Published	02/20/2024	Openings of the uterus:1. {{c1::uterine orifice - at lateral angles}}2. {{c1::anatomical/histological internal os}}3. {{c1::external os - round before…
Published	02/20/2024	The broad ligament is the {{c2::part of the peritoneum}} that encloses the {{c2::uterus}} and extends laterally from to cover other structures attachi…
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Published	02/20/2024	The ovary is not covered by the peritoneum, it is located {{c1::attaching posteriorly to the broad ligament}} and covered by {{c2::an a continuation o…
Published	02/20/2024	The ureter in relation to the uterus:{{c2::runs near the cervix, below the broad ligament in the transverse cervial ligament, crosses behind and below…
Published	02/20/2024	Vagina- forms a continuous circular recess around the {{c2::cervix}}, subdivided into {{c2::anterior, posterior, lateral fornices (walls)}}T…
Published	02/20/2024	The male urethra bends {{c1::forwards}} after passing through the urogential diaphragmClinical correlation: {{c2::In urethral catheterisatio…
Published	02/20/2024	Clinical correlation: {{c1::Benign prostatic hyperplasia (common after middle age)}} The prostatic urethra may be {{c2::distorted}} due to {{c2::…
Published	02/20/2024	The anatomical and histological internal orifices:- Anatomical: {{c1::internal narrowing of the uterine cavity}}- Histological: {{c1::histol…
Published	02/20/2024	Rectum and Peritoneum:The upper 1/3: {{c1::retroperitoneal}}The middle 1/3: {{c1::retroperitoneal}}The lower 1/3: {{c1::extraperitoneal}}Mesentery? -&…
Published	02/20/2024	Peritoneal spaces/pouches/fossae (above peritoneum) are parts of the peritoneal cavity. They are filled with {{c1::peritoneal fluid}}, and may hou…
Published	02/20/2024	The rectum is located from the {{c1::3rd sacral}} vertebra to the {{c1::anorectal junction}} (which is marked by the {{c2::puborectalis…
Published	02/20/2024	The rectum has:- {{c4::2::number}} anteroposterior curvatives (indentations) (on {{c4::sacrum and coccyx; and at anorectal junction}})- {{c3::3::…
Published	02/20/2024	The anal canal extends from the {{c1::rectum}}, and it is {{c1::below}} the levator ani.
Published	02/20/2024	The anal canal is surrounded by:- Skeletal muscles: {{c1::puborectalis}}, and {{c1::external anal sphincter}}.- Smooth muscles in the wall:&…
Published	02/20/2024	Anal cushions: {{c1::3 slight "swellings" of the inner wall of the anal canal}}- formed by: {{c2::rectal venous plexuses surrounded by muscl…
Published	02/20/2024	Clinical correlation: Hemorrhoids are {{c1::engorgements/varicosities of the rectal venous plexus (or hemorrhoidal plexus)}}, which {{c3::weaken an…
Published	02/20/2024	The dentate (pectinate) line is defined by the {{c1::londitudinal folds of mucosa at the anal canal}}, which forms the {{c2::anal valves}} that&n…
Published	02/20/2024	The pecten is {{c1::the wall of the anal canal between the dentate line and the skin}}.The anal verge is the {{c2::junction between the anal…
Published	02/20/2024	Clinical correlation: Anal canal abscesses and fistulaeAbscesses: formed by {{c1::Infection of the ducts from the anal sinus may burrow through t…
Published	02/20/2024	Openings in the prostatic urethra include:1. {{c1::Prostatic utricle - embryological remnant}}2. {{c1::Ejaculatory ducts}} - located at the&…
Published	02/20/2024	The prostate is divided into different zones and lobesClinical correlation: {{c1::An enlarged middle lobe may raise the uvula or push the urethra…
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Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Anteflexion}}: organ bending forward{{c1::Anteversion}}: organ leaning forward{{c1::Retroflexion}}: organ bending backwards{{c1::Retroversion}}:…
Published	02/20/2024	Uterus: positionThe cervix is {{c1::anteverted}} on the vagina, and the uterine body is {{c1::anteflexed}} on the cervix.When the bladder fills, these…
Published	02/20/2024	Fascial spaces below the peritoneum:{{c1::Pararectal space}}: on either side of rectum{{c1::Retrorectal space}}: just behind rectum{{c1::Presacra…
Published	02/20/2024	Digital Rectal ExaminationIt is {{c1::a test that examines a person's lower rectum pelvis and other internal organs. This is done by the doctor i…
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Published	02/20/2024	A bimanual examination is {{c1::a test to check a woman's pelvic organs, which is done by inserting 2 gloved, lubricated fingers into the woman's…
Published	02/20/2024	The peritoneum covers the uterus and extends to drape over the {{c1::uterine tubes (/Fallopian tube /oviduct)}}. The double layer that suspends t…
Published	02/20/2024	During ovulation, {{c1::proteolytic}} enzymes {{c2::create a hole (abdominal orifice)}} where the {{c2::immature ovum exits}} the ovary and enter…
Published	02/20/2024	Clinical correlation: Because there is {{c1::a small gap between the frimbriae and the ovary}}, there is a small risk of the ovum not being picked up…
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Published	02/20/2024	Explain the Mnemonic by Ah Sai to visualise the broad ligament and associated structures:
Published	02/20/2024	Spot test tip: In dry specimen, the uterine tube and its infundibulum looks surprisingly similar to the ovarian ligament together with the ovary …
Published	02/20/2024	The round ligament of the uterus and the spermatic cord are both {{c1::housed by the inguinal canal}}, however they are not female/male equivalen…
Published	02/20/2024	Which artery is it:Branches from the anterior trunk and course within the broad ligament to reach the cervix and anastomoses with the vaginal art…
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