Notes in 09 Large bowel

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Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelThe primary imaging feature of colitis is {{c1::bowel wall thickening}}, and can be an incidental finding in…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelFindings: {{c1::mural thickening}} of the entire colon with {{c1::mucosal}} hyperenhancement. Diagnosis…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelThe {{c1::splenic flexure::watershed region}}, between the {{c2::superior mesenteric artery (SMA)}} and {{c2::inf…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelThe {{c1::rectum}} is rarely affected by ischemia because it has {{c2:: dual blood supply}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelDual blood supply of the rectum (perirectal colaterals): 1. The {{c1::superior rectal}} artery (terminal bra…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelThe CT findings of ischemic colitis are {{c1::segmental thickening}} of the affected colon in a {{c2::v…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn the setting of ischemic colitis, if {{c2::arterial::arterial/venous}} thromboembolic disease is suspected, eva…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Infectious::dx}} colitis generally features {{c2::pericolonic::region}} stranding and {{c2::ascites::i…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn infectious colitis, Yersinia, Salmonella, and colonic TB most commonly cause {{c1::right:: pan/right/left side…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn infectious colitis, {{c2::TB::bacteria}} can affect the {{c1::ileocecal valve}}, leading to a desmop…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelThe {{c1::upper}} and {{c1::mid}} rectum are covered by {{c2::peritoneum}}, while the {{c1::lower third}} is extr…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelThe {{c2::transverse}} and {{c2::sigmoid}} colon(s) is/are {{c1::intra}}peritoneal.The {{c2::ascending and {…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Pseudomembranous colitis}} is a common form of infectious colitis caused by overgrowth of {{c2::Clostr…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelPseudomembranous colitis is most commonly caused by {{c1::antibiotic}} use.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn pseudomembranous colitis, the {{c1::accordion}} sign on CT and {{c1::thumbprinting (thickend haustra)}} o…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCase: Fever, Leukocytosis, stool + C. diffFindings: The {{c3::accordion}} sign: severe colonic {{c2::wa…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Ulcerative colitis (UC):: UC vs Crohn}} is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that begins in the…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn patients with Ulcerative Colitis, {{c1::corticosteroid enemas::(iatrogrenic)}} may cause patients to present w…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelExtra-abdominal manifestations of ulcerative colitis:{{c1::sacroiliitis (symmetric, bilateral)::MSK}}{{c2::iritis…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Ulcerative colitis:: UC vs Crohn}} leads to an increased risk of {{c2::Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelUlcerative Colitis does not progress more proximally than {{c1::the cecum}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Backwish ileitis}} is a manifestation of {{c2::ulcerative colitis}} caused by {{c3::reflux of inflammatory …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCase: Coronal and Axial CTFindings: {{c2::Continuous thickening::yellow arrow}} of the rectal wall with&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Circumferential}} wall thickening with a {{c1::granular}} mucosal pattern is a key imaging finding of ulcer…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn ulcerative colitis, {{c1::pseudopolyps}} represent islands of normal mucosa surrounded by inflamed mucosa…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn ulcerative colitis, a {{c1::collar-button}} ulcer is nonspecific but represents {{c2::submucosal extension}} o…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelA {{c1::featureless (ahaustral)}} and {{c1::foreshortened lead pipe::size and shape}} colon is characteristi…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Toxic megacolon}} is a severe complication of ulcerative colitis (and less commonly, Crohn's disease) …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelImaging of toxic megacolon shows dilation of the colon to greater than {{c1::6}}cm in association with {{c1::adyn…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Typhlitis (neutropenic enterocolitis)}} is a necrotizing inflammatory colitis seen in neutropenic patients …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelImaging features of typhlitis include: {{c1::cecal:: portion(s) of large bowel}} thickening, {{c1::fat}} strandin…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCase: Neutropenic patientFindings: Marked {{c2::circumferential wall thickening}} of the cecum and prox…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelThe classic imaging findings of immunotherapy-related colitis are {{c1::mild:: mild/severe}}, {{c1::diffuse:…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Ipilimumab}} and {{c2::pembrolizumab}} are the most common causes of immunotherapy-related colitis.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Stercoral colitis}} is a focal inflammatory colitis caused by increased pressure from impacted {{c2::f…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelStercoral colitis can lead to bowel wall {{c1::ischemia}}, pressure {{c2::ulceration (stercoral ulcer)}}, and {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCase: Axial CT w/ contrastFindings: Colonic {{c1::distention}} by an intraluminal impacted fecal mass, with assoc…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::CT}} is the primary modality for diagnosis, triage, and evaluation of diverticulitis.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Diverticulitis}} is an acute inflammation of obstructed diverticula that causes diverticular wall {{c2::isc…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelDx Left Image: {{c1::Complicated:: complicated vs uncomplicated}} diverticulitisDx Right Image: {{c1::Uncomp…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCase: Axial CTFindings: {{c1::fat stranding}} surrounding affected diverticulum at the hepatic flexure …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelAdditional findings for complicated diverticulitis: {{c1::extraluminal}} air pericolonic or hepatic {{c2::ab…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelAbscesses from diverticulitis are usually drained {{c1:: percutaneously (CT guided):: how?}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelPertinent positives to include in reports of diverticulitis: Presence of extraluminal {{c1::gas}}, {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelBoth {{c1::acute diverticulitis}} and {{c1::colon cancer}} may present with extensive colonic wall thickening.&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Epiploic appendagitis}} is a benign, clinical mimic of diverticulitis caused by the torsion of a {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelEpiploic appendagitis is treated with {{c1::antinflammatories (not antibiotics or surgery)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelThe pathognomonic imaging appearance of epiploic appendagitis is an {{c2::oval::shape}} {{c1::fat}}-attenuat…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCase: Coronal CT Findings: oval circumscribed area of fat with central tiny hyperdense dot ({{c2::central do…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelColorectal carcinoma most commonly arise in the {{c1::rectosigmoid}} region but can occur anywhere from…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::CT colonography::not FOBT}} is increasingly being used as a non-invasive alternative to colonoscopy for col…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelPatients with colon cancer may be asymptomatic at diagnosis by CT colonography, but may present with imaging…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::CT}} is the modality most often used for staging of colorectal carcinoma.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelTypical features of colorectal carcinomas on CT/MRI:{{c1::Soft tissue}} density masses that may {{c1::n…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelMRI is typically used in colorectal carcinomas for {{c1::locoregional staging}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)}} is an autosomal dominant syndrome with innumerable premalignant…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Turcot}} syndrome is another variant of Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) in which patients al…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCase: Coronal CT Findings: Fluid-filled colon with innumerable {{c2::polypoid enhancing lesions::arrows}}&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome (aka Lynch syndrome)}} is an autosomal dominant …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Peutz-Jeghers}} is an autosomal dominant syndrome that features hamartomatous pedunculated p…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Cowden}} syndrome  is an autosomal dominant syndrome of multiple hamartomatous polyps usually fou…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Cronkhite-Canada}} is a non-inherited disorder consisting of hamartomatous polyps throughout the …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Submucosal fat}} deposition in ulcerative colitis (and in Crohn’s) suggests chronic disease.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn the setting of ischemic colitis, if chronic arterial stenosis is suspected, evaluate for {{c1::atherosclerosis…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Colonoscopy}} is contraindicated in patients with suspected toxic megacolon due to risk of as colonic&…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelUncomplicated diverticulitis does not include imaging evidence of {{c1::bowel perforation}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Follow-up CT}} or {{c1::colonoscopy}} after resolution of the acute episode may be recommended to distingui…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large Bowel{{c1::Gardner}} syndrome is a variant of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis that also presents with {{c2::desmoid}} t…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn Typhlitis, low attenuation regions within the wall represent {{c1::edema}} or {{c1::hemorrhage}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCase: Axial CT Findings: {{c1::Large contrast containing diverticulum::yellow arrow}} arising from the sigmo…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn epiploic appendagitis, the {{c1::central dot}} sign represents the {{c2::thrombosed central vein}}&n…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCase: Axial and Coronal CT Findings: asymmetric {{c2::wall thickening}} of the cecum at the level of th…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelWhat are the skin manifestations of {{c2::Peutz-Jeghers}}: {{c1::perioral (lips and gums)::location}} m…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelThe hamartomatous pedunculated polyps in the small bowel seen in Peutz-Jeghers lead to {{c1::intussusception…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelThe cutaneous manifestations of Cronkhite-Canada are abnormal skin {{c2::pigmentation}}, {{c1::alopecia}}, and {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelSegmental thickening of the affected colon in a vascular distribution, with sparing of the rectum, are CT finding…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelPseudomembranous colitis may also occur without a history of antibiotics in  {{c1::hospitalized/nursing…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelIn infectious colitis, E. coli, CMV, and C. difficile colitis most commonly cause {{c1::pan:: pan/right/left side…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCase: Complicated diverticulitisYellow arrows: {{c1::complex multiloculated hepatic lesions}}. Red arrows: {…
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Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelMain causes of colonic ischemia:acute arterial {{c1::thrombus }}chronic arterial {{c2::stenosis }}{{c3:…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelColorectal carcinoma (98% of which is {{c1::adenocarcinoma}}) is the most common malignancy of the GI tract and t…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelRare subtypes of colorectal carcinoma include {{c1::mucinous}} carcinoma of the colon and {{c2::neuroendocrine}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelNotable risk factors for colorectal carcinoma: {{c1::inflammatory bowel}} disease{{c2::low fiber/high fat}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelHereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome is associated with other cancers: {{c1::endometrial::female}}{…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelMalignancies associated with Peutz-Jeghers: {{c1::gynecologic neoplasms::female}}{{c2::gastric}}{{c3::duoden…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelCowden syndrome is associated with an increased risk of:{{c1::thyroid}} cancer (usually follicular){{c2::skin&nbs…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Large BowelNon-imaging clinical findings for colorectal carcinoma: {{c1::melena/frank GI bleeding}} {{c2::iron def…
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