Notes in 22-X-Cardiac Rhythms

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Published	12/13/2023	A sudden loss of consciousness, usually without warning and lasting for a few seconds, due to an abnormal heart rhythm (especially complete atrioventr…
Published	12/13/2023	Cardioversion in atrial fibrillation > 48 hours requires {{c1::TEE::diagnostic test}} and {{c1::anticoagulation::pharm}}
Published	12/13/2023	Atrial flutter is treated similarly to {{c1::atrial fibrillation::rhythm}}
Published	12/13/2023	The normal cardiac conduction system is:{{c1::SA node}} → {{c1::AV node}} → {{c1::bundle of His}} → {{c1::bundle branches}} → {{c1::purkinje fibers}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::P wave}} on EKG represents {{c2::atrial depolarization}}
Published	12/13/2023	Normal PR interval is {{c1::0.12-0.20 seconds}}
Published	12/13/2023	Normal QRS duration is {{c1::0.08-0.12 seconds}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Atrial flutter}} is caused by atrial cells fire continuously due to a looping re-entrant circuit
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Atrial fibrillation}} is caused by atrial cells firing continuously due to multiple foci or multiple micro re-entry wavelets
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Premature ventricular contractions}} are caused by ventricular cells firing occasionally from 1 or more foci
Published	12/13/2023	2nd degree AV block, type II is a problem of the {{c1::bundle of His pr bundle branches }}
Published	12/13/2023	What electrodes form lead I?{{c1::RA (-) --> LA (+)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What electrodes form lead II?{{c1::RA (-) --> LL (+)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What electrodes form lead III?{{c1::LA (-) --> LL (+)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What leads monitor the inferior wall of the heart?{{c1::II, III, aVF}}
Published	12/13/2023	What leads monitor the septal wall of the heart?{{c1::V1, V2}}
Published	12/13/2023	What leads monitor the lateral wall of the heart?{{c1::V5, V6, I, aVL}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::axis}} represents the direction of mean electrical vector.
Published	12/13/2023	Normal QRS axis is between {{c1::-30° and 90°}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Left axial deviation::axis}} is between {{c1::-30° and -90°}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Right axial deviation::axis}} is between {{c1::90° and 150°}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Extreme/northwest/indeterminate axial deviation::axis}} is between {{c1::-90° and -180°}}
Published	12/13/2023	What conduction blocks cause left axial deviation?{{c1::L BBBL anterior fascicular block}}
Published	12/13/2023	In a {{c2::normal}} axial deviation:Lead I is {{c1::+}}Lead II is {{c1::+}}
Published	12/13/2023	In a {{c2::left}} axial deviation:Lead I is {{c1::+}}Lead II is {{c1::-}}
Published	12/13/2023	In a {{c2::right}} axial deviation:Lead I is {{c1::-}}Lead II is {{c1::+}}
Published	12/13/2023	The appearance of a U-wave on an EKG is suggestive of {{c1::hypokalemia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What conduction blocks cause right axial deviation?{{c1::R BBB}}
Published	12/13/2023	What anatomical abnormalities cause right axial deviation?{{c1::RV hypertrophy (also from pulmonary hypertension)}}{{c1::Vertical heart}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::T wave}} on EKG represents {{c1::ventricular repolarization}}
Published	12/13/2023	An ACT longer than {{c1::400}} seconds is required for cardiac surgery requiring CPB.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with {{c3::pause}}-dependent torsades des pointes can be treated with {{c1::isoproterenol}} infusions or {{c2::pacing}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Glucagon}} is a polypeptide hormone that can treat refractory hypotension/bradycardia by increasing {{c2::cAMP}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Methadone doses > {{c1::100}} mg/day requires an EKG to evaluate for prolonged-QT syndrome.
Published	12/13/2023	When general anesthesia is used for electrophysiologic procedures, an esophageal temperature probe must be used to monitor for {{c1::thermal injuries}…
Published	12/13/2023	In men, a normal QT interval is ≤ {{c1::0.44}} seconds.
Published	12/13/2023	In women, a normal QT interval is ≤ {{c1::0.46}} seconds.
Published	12/13/2023	Which internodal tract is responsible for depolarization of the left atrium?{{c1::Bachmann bundle}}
Published	12/13/2023	What are the three internodal tracts connecting the SA and AV nodes?1. Anterior internodal tract ({{c1::Bachmann bundle}})2. Middle internodal tr…
Published	12/13/2023	What cardiac conduction pathway demonstrates intermediate conduction (0.3-1 m/sec)?{{c1::myocardial muscle cells}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::James fiber}} is an accessory pathway connnecting the {{c2::atrium}} to the {{c2::AV node}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::Atrio-hisian fiber}} is an accessory pathway connnecting the {{c2::atrium}} to the {{c2::His bundle}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::Mahaim bundle}} is an accessory pathway connnecting the {{c2::AV node}} to the {{c2::ventricle}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The QRS complex corresponds to phase(s) {{c1::0 and 1}} of the myocardial action potential.
Published	12/13/2023	The ST segment corresponds to phase(s) {{c1::2}} of the myocardial action potential.
Published	12/13/2023	The T wave corresponds to phase(s) {{c1::3}} of the myocardial action potential.
Published	12/13/2023	In a normal R-wave progression, the amplitude of the QRS complex progressively {{c1::increases}} from V1 → V6.
Published	12/13/2023	An elevated ST segment is a change greater than {{c1::1}} mm from baseline.
Published	12/13/2023	What neurological pathologic condition can cause a peaked T-wave?{{c1::Intracranial hemorrhage}}
Published	12/13/2023	Severe {{c1::hyper}}magnesemia may cause heart block and cardiac arrest.
Published	12/13/2023	On an EKG, a {{c1::positive}} deflection occurs when the vector of depolarization travels toward the positive electrode.
Published	12/13/2023	On an EKG, a {{c1::negative}} deflection occurs when the vector of depolarization travels away from the positive electrode.
Published	12/13/2023	On an EKG, a {{c1::biphasic}} deflection occurs when the vector of depolarization travels perpendicular to the positive electrode.
Published	12/13/2023	On an EKG, a {{c1::negative}} deflection occurs when the vector of repolarization travels away from the positive electrode.
Published	12/13/2023	What leads monitor the anterior wall of the heart?{{c1::V3, V4}}
Published	12/13/2023	What are the three augmented leads?{{c1::aVR, aVL, and aVF}}
Published	12/13/2023	What valvular diseases will result in a left axial deviation?{{c1::Aortic stenosisAortic regurgitationMitral regurgitation::3}}
Published	12/13/2023	The glucagon dose for treatment of β-blocker overdose:{{c1::50-70 mcg/kg}} bolus{{c2::2-10 mg/hr}} infusion
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Acute}} onset atrial fibrillation can be treated with cardioversion.
Published	12/13/2023	Brugada syndrome is due to an inherited disorder of {{c1::sodium ion channels}} in the heart.
Published	12/13/2023	The treatment for symptomatic 2nd degree Mobitz Type I AV block is {{c1::atropine}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The two types of AV nodal reentry tachycardias are {{c1::orthodromic}} and {{c1::antidromic}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In orthodromic AV nodal reentry tachycardia, the order of depolarization for the accessory pathway, AV node, and ventricle are:{{c1::AV node}} → {{c1:…
Published	12/13/2023	In antidromic AV nodal reentry tachycardia, the order of depolarization for the accessory pathway, AV node, and ventricle are:{{c1::Accessory pat…
Published	12/13/2023	Antidromic AV nodal reentry tachycardia presents with a {{c1::wide}} QRS complex.
Published	12/13/2023	Orthodromic AV nodal reentry tachycardia presents with a {{c1::narrow}} QRS complex.
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, the {{c1::accessory pathway}} conducts all impulses from the ventricles in a 1:1 ratio.
Published	12/13/2023	The definitive treatment for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is {{c1::radiofrequency ablation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What antipsychotic medication prolong the QT interval?{{c1::Haloperidol}}
Published	12/13/2023	These two genetic syndromes are associated with congential {{c2::prolonged QT interval::what cardiac rhythm abnormality}}{{c1::Romano-Ward syndrome}}{…
Published	12/13/2023	What intracranial pathology is associated with torsades de pointes?{{c1::Subarachnoid hemorrhage (any intracranial bleed) }}
Published	12/13/2023	Position I of a pacemaker code refers to the {{c1::chamber that is paced}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Position II of a pacemaker code refers to the {{c1::chamber that is sensed}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Position III of a pacemaker code refers to the {{c1::response to the sensed cardiac activity}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Position IV of a pacemaker code refers to the {{c1::programmability  aka rate modulation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In a dual-response pacemaker, the pacemaker is {{c2::inhibited}} if cardiac activity is {{c1::sensed}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In a dual-response pacemaker, the pacemaker fires if cardiac activity is {{c1::not sensed}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The pacemaker modes AOO, VOO, and DOO are {{c1::asynchronous}} pacing modes.
Published	12/13/2023	The pacemaker modes AAI and VVI are {{c1::single-chamber demand}} pacing modes.
Published	12/13/2023	The pacemaker mode {{c1::DDDR}} means that the device can:{{c2::senses/paces both chambers both triggers/inhibits the pacemakercan increase rate based…
Published	12/13/2023	What pacemaker modes are used as backup modes?{{c1::VVI}}, {{c1::AAI}}
Published	12/13/2023	When the ventricle is paced, the QRS complex has a {{c1::wide}} appearance.
Published	12/13/2023	When the atrium is paced, the QRS complex has a {{c1::narrow}} appearance.
Published	12/13/2023	Electromagnetic interference from electrocautery is greatest within {{c1::15}} cm of a pulse generator.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Hypo}}kalemia, {{c1::hypo}}capnia, and {{c1::hypo}}thermia may cause failure-to-capture on a pacemaker.
Published	12/13/2023	Is electroconvulsive therapy contraindicated in patients with a pacemaker?{{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2023	Placement of a magnet over a pacemaker + ICD will {{c1::prevent shock delivery but does not place pacer into asynchronus pacing}}.…
Published	12/13/2023	During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), activated clotting time (ACT) is measured before heparin, {{c1::3}} minutes after heparin administration, an…
Published	12/13/2023	In the cardiac conduction system, SA and AV nodes demonstrate {{c1::slow::slow or fast}} conduction velocity - {{c1::0.02}} - {{c1::0.1}} m/sec
Published	12/13/2023	In the cardiac conduction system, {{c2::His bundle and bundle branches, and purkinje fibers}} demonstrate {{c1::fast::slow or fast}} conduction veloci…
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Published	12/13/2023	On the EKG, {{c1::notched}} P waves in lead II suggest {{c2::LA enlargement}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the EKG, {{c1::tall ( > 2.5mm)}} P waves in lead II suggest {{c2::RA enlargement }}
Published	12/13/2023	On the EKG, the {{c1::J joint}} refers to location {{c2::where QRS ends and ST begins}} - and its used as the reference point to measure {{c2::ST segm…
Published	12/13/2023	When the heart depolarizes, endocardium depolarize {{c1::before::defore or after}} epicardium
Published	12/13/2023	On the EKG, the vector for depolarization and repolarization run opposite direction. but Why does the T wave and QRS both appear upright?{{c1::repolar…
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Published	12/13/2023	On the 12 leads, you have 3 types of leads:{{c1::Bipolar}} leads - {{c2::I, II and III}}{{c1::(augmented) Limb}} leads - {{c2::aVR, avL, aVF}}{{c1::Pr…
Published	12/13/2023	What is this EKG showing?{{c1::Mobitz I - Wenckebach}}
Published	12/13/2023	1st degree HB is due to probelms with {{c1::AV node}} or {{c1::his bundle }}
Published	12/13/2023	Mobitz type I block is associated with defect with {{c1::AV node}}
Published	12/13/2023	Mobitz II HB is associated with defects with {{c1::his bundle or bundle branches}}
Published	12/13/2023	Mobitz Type {{c1::II}} blocks is associated with high risk of progressing into 3rd AVB
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Published	12/13/2023	Orthodromic AVNRT is treated by blocking conduction at {{c1::AV node (increase AV refractory period) }}
Published	12/13/2023	Antidromic AVNRT (such as WPW) is treated by blocking conduction at {{c1::accessory pathway by increase refractory period }}
Published	12/13/2023	Pt with WPW develop Afib rate 220 and hemodynamically unstable, tx of choice is:{{c1::cardioversion}}
Published	12/13/2023	Torsades de pointes literally translate to {{c1::twisting of the spikes }}
Published	12/13/2023	Torsades de pointes can be caused by {{c1::hypo}}kalemia
Published	12/13/2023	Torsades de pointes can be caused by {{c1::hypo}}calemia
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Published	12/13/2023	This EKG reflects: {{c1::pacemaker undersensing - overpacing/async pacing}}
Published	12/13/2023	This EKG reflects: {{c1::undersensing - the pacer doesnt sense QRS and tries to pace anyway (overpacing/async pacing) }}
Published	12/13/2023	Failure to {{c1::sense}} on a pacemaker can cause R-on-T phenomenon
Published	12/13/2023	On the EKG, {{c1::biphasic}} P waves in lead V1 suggest {{c2::LA enlargement}}
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