Notes in 12GUTDiseases

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hematuria::term}} - Blood in urine
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pyuria::term}} - Pus in the urine
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Proteinuria::term}} - Protein in the urine
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dysuria::term}} - Difficulty or pain with urination
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nocturia::term}} - Increased voiding at night
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oliguria::term}} - Decrease in urine output
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anuria::term}} - No urine output
Published	07/30/2024	Patients with no family history of CVD but with anemia may have {{c1::kidney}} injury
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] frequency of pedal edema when there is pain 1. unilateral 2. bilateral{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	You palpate the kidneys at the {{c1::costovertebral angle}} for tenderness
Published	07/30/2024	What phase of the physical exam is usually not performed when examining the GUT?{{c1::Auscultation}}
Published	07/30/2024	What part of the urine "stream" should a urinalysis sample be taken from?{{c1::midstream}}
Published	07/30/2024	The major pigment of urine is {{c1::urochrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is it okay for glucose to be found in urine?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is it okay for protein to be found in urine?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal creatinine range: {{c1::85-135}} ml/min
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Age (after {{c2::3rd}} decade of life) 2. Creatinine clearance{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cystoscopy::Diagnostic Test}} - Diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for visualizing the bladder
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Serum electrolytes::Diagnostic Test}} - Measures the ability of the kidneys to filter, reabsorb or secrete electrolytes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)::Diagnostic Test}} - Measures the nitrogen fraction of urea
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Renal Disease 2. BUN{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Burns (2nd-4th degree) 2. BUN{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Dehydration 2. BUN{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Malnutrition 2. BUN{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Hepatic damage (cirrhosis) 2. BUN{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Fasting period for BUN: {{c1::6 hours}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Influence of diet 1. BUN 2. Creatinine clearance{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Fasting period for serum creatinine: {{c1::none haha gottem}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)::Diagnostic Test}} - Assesses the structure and excretory function of kidneys, ureter and bladder using a dye
Published	07/30/2024	Make sure that before ultrasound is done, bladder is {{c1::filled up::full/empty}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Retrograde Pyelography and Voiding Cystourethrography::2 Diagnostic Tests}} - Diagnostic test for patients with vesicoureteral reflux (espe…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Percutaneous Renal Biopsy::Diagnostic Test}} - Kidney biopsy where a patient lies in a {{c3::prone}} position and a sample is taken under the {{…
Published	07/30/2024	3 routes of UT infection:{{c1::TransurethralHematogenous (sepsis)Direct (abscess)}}
Published	07/30/2024	For diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria in... FemalesMalesSpecimens required{{c1::2}}{{c1::1}}Bacterial Count (cfu/mL){{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	For a diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria in {{c1::both males and fem::fem/m}}ales...You need {{c2::1}} CATHETERIZED urine specimen/s with a count o…
Published	07/30/2024	Screening and treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria is recommended for these groups:{{c1::1. Previous or recent genitourinary manipulation or instrum…
Published	07/30/2024	Periodic screening and treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria is NOT recommended for these groups:{{c1::Diabetes mellitus (DM)Urologic abnormalitiesSo…
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::seven}}-day antibiotic regimen is recommended for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria and AUC
Published	07/30/2024	Urinalysis results (+) for asymptomatic bacteriuria{{c1::Pyuria (>10 WBC/HPF)(+) gram stain of unspun urine (>2 microbes/OIF)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pyuria accompanying asymptomatic bacteriuria is NOT an indication for antimicrobial treatment among:{{c1::DUTCHES}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinically, AUC is suspected in {{c1::premenopausal non-pregnant women::group}} presenting with acute onset of {{c2::frequency, urgency, dysuria,&nbsp…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::None lol get rekt::Diagnostic Test}} - Confirms AUC in non-pregnant, premenopausal women with the signs
Published	07/30/2024	AUC patients that do not respond after treatment should be treated as {{c1::complicated UTI}}
Published	07/30/2024	Infection that came from an indewelling urinary catheter is considered {{c1::complicated UTI (CUTI)::GUT disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	UTI is considered complicated when there is incomplete emptying of the bladder with {{c1::>100}} mL retained urine post-voiding
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Azotemia::term}} – elevated creatinine & BUN
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Uremia::term}} – elevated creatinine & BUN + neurological manifestations
Published	07/30/2024	UTI caused M. tuberculosis, Candida spp. is considered {{c1::complicated::un/complicated}}
Published	07/30/2024	UTI in males is considered complicated unless {{c1::young males are presenting exclusively with lower UTI symptoms}}
Published	07/30/2024	Suspect {{c2::acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis (AUP)}} if{{c1::Healthy womanflank pain and costovertebral angle tendernessfever (>38) and chillsN…
Published	07/30/2024	Lab results (+) for {{c2::acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis (AUP)}}{{c1::Pyuria (>5 WBC/HPF) centrifuged::urinalysis}}{{c3::Bacteriuria with count…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Urine culture::Diagnostic Test}} - Results are the basis for all diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria{{c1::None, just PE (Premenopausal FUDGH w…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Blood culture and biomarkers::2 Diagnostic Tests}} - When AUP starts showing signs of sepsis
Published	07/30/2024	When do you do radiologic evaluation (x-ray or ultrasound) on a patient with AUP?{{c1::history of urolithiasisUrine pH > 7Renal insufficiencyRemain…
Published	07/30/2024	When do you do a follow-up urine culture in AUP?{{c1::When the patient doesn't respond after 72 hours}}
Published	07/30/2024	Duration of re-treatment of AUP in the absence of a urologic abnormality: {{c1::two}} weeks
Published	07/30/2024	Duration of re-treatment of recurring AUP: {{c1::4-6}} weeks
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BUN/Creatinine Ratio::Diagnostic Test}} - If kidney function is to answer for abnormal results
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic hypertension}} and {{c1::DM}} are contraindications for Angiography or IV Pyelography
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::None::Diagnostic Test}} - Next test when urinalysis is negative for pyuria and gramstain
Published	07/30/2024	Pharmacological treatments given for AUC: {{c1::Pyridium (Phenazopyridine) and antispasmodic}}
Published	07/30/2024	When should women w/ suspected AUC undergo further evaluation?{{c1::When signs (FUDGH) accompany VAGINAL DISCHARGE}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Empiric}} antibiotic therapy - administering antibiotic treatment based on response only
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Directed}} antibiotic therapy - administering antibiotic treatment based on results of urine sensitivity culture
Published	07/30/2024	How do you differentiate FEMALE uncomplicated and complicated UTI?{{c1::Basically, it becomes complicated if there's any other condition or comorbidit…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::just 1 urine culture, gram stain (>1 microbe/oif) of uncentrifuged urine::2 Diagnostic Tests}} - 2 alternatives in diagnosing asymptomatic ba…
Published	07/30/2024	Screen ALL pregnant women for asymptomatic bacteria once, between the {{c1::9th to 17th (16th)::range}} week age of gestation (AOG)
Published	07/30/2024	Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy:{{c1::Co-amoxiclav::Beta-lactamase inhibitor combination}}{{c2::Cephalexin, Cefuroxime::2 2nd ge…
Published	07/30/2024	Antispetic for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy:{{c1::Co-Nitrofurantoin}}
Published	07/30/2024	What should be done after treatment of aysmptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy?{{c1::follow-up urine culture should be done one week after}}
Published	07/30/2024	What further tests should be done in AUP with pregnancy?{{c1::Urinalysis (because time is of the essence) and routine urine culture and sensitivity}}
Published	07/30/2024	In cases of AUP w/ pregnancy, antibiotic therapy should be administered for {{c1::2}} weeks
Published	07/30/2024	when can CUTI be treated as an out-patient case?{{c1::when there is NO urosepsis or circulatory/organ failure}}
Published	07/30/2024	How do you differentiate asymptomatic bacteriuria, UTI and CUTI?{{c1::Similar CFU count (100,000) (2 for girls, 1 for boys)No symptoms for ASBW/ sympt…
Published	07/30/2024	When is imaging performed for CUTI?{{c1::When structural or anatomic abnormalities are suspected to contribute to disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	Should you do anything after treatment of CUTI?{{c1::Urine culture should be repeated 1- 2 weeks after completion of antibiotics}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Free}} urinary calculi are mobile, dislodged and can be passed through urine
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Staghorn}} urinary calculi are embedded in the renal pelvis
Published	07/30/2024	4 common substances that prevent crystallization of urinary calculi: {{c1::Citrate, Mg, Nephrocalcin, Uropontin}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Mind trick]Ultimately, there are 3 causes to urinary calculi:{{c1::Supersaturation (increased urine conc, CaPO4 from bone demineralization, Ca, …
Published	07/30/2024	Medications that may cause urinary calculi: {{c1::vitamin D and steroids (chronic intake)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Top 3 substances present in renal calculi: {{c1::calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	Renal calculi may cause GIT manifestations through the {{c1::renointestinal}} reflex
Published	07/30/2024	[Where is the renal calculi located?]Pain from the CVA radiating anteriorly and downwards toward genitals + hematuria{{c1::Renal pelvis}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Where is the renal calculi located?]Renointestinal pain{{c1::Renal pelvis}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Where is the renal calculi located?]Acute, excruciating, colicky pain, radiating down the thigh and genitalia + hematuria{{c1::Ureter}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Where is the renal calculi located?]Suprapubic pain + hematuria{{c1::Bladder}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Where is the renal calculi located?]UTI symptoms + Urinary retention{{c1::Bladder}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::KUB (Kidney, Urinary Bladder) Ultrasound::Diagnostic Test}} - Main diagnostic tool for renal calculi
Published	07/30/2024	Urography or pyelography may be used to diagnose renal calculi and bladder cancers but {{c1::creatinine}} levels must be checked before administration…
Published	07/30/2024	To avoid calcium stones, lower Ca, {{c1::Na, and protein}} consumption
Published	07/30/2024	To avoid uric acid and cystine stones, lower {{c1::purine}} consumption
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ESWL (extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy)}} - Calculi treatment where shockwaves break the stones into smaller pieces which will be passed int…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] duration of pain 1. Nephrolithotomy/Pyelolithotomy 2. ESWL{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	85% of renal cancers arise from the renal {{c1::epithelium}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::CT scan or angiogram::Diagnostic Tests}} - For identifying metastases in renal cancer
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Renal artery embolization::surgical management}} makes a nephrectomy easier by impeding blood supply to kill tumor cells and preventing metastas…
Published	07/30/2024	Renal artery embolization makes a nephrectomy easier but may cause {{c1::post infarction syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bladder cancer usually involves the {{c1::base of the bladder, the urethral orifice, and the bladder neck::3 locations}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] risk of bladder cancer 1. males 2. females{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Risk of bladder increases with exposure to {{c1::dyes and smoking}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer from the {{c1::prostate, colon, or rectum::3}} may increase risk of bladder cancer
Published	07/30/2024	Visible pain{{c1::less::less/ful}} hematuria is the most common manifestation of bladder cancer
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cystography::Diagnostic Test}} - Main diagnostic tool for bladder cancer
Published	07/30/2024	Surgical treatment/s for bladder cancer is/are called {{c1::Transurethral Resection/Fulguration or Simple/Radical Cystectomy with Diversion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Prostate cancer may spread through {{c1::direct invasion}} that can metastasize to the {{c2::bony pelvis and spine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Adenocarcinoma}} is the most common histopathology of prostate cancer usually involving the {{c2::posterior}} lobe of the prostate gland
Published	07/30/2024	Prostate cancer is manifested as {{c1::hard, fixed nodules}} palpated on {{c2::digital rectal}} examination
Published	07/30/2024	Prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia {{c1::dec::dec/inc}}reases the force of urine stream
Published	07/30/2024	Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) above {{c1::4 ng/mL}} indicates benign prostatic hyperthrophy or malignancy
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transurethral Ultrasound (TRUS)::Diagnostic Test}} - Preferred imaging tool for prostate cancer
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diethylstil-bestrol (Estrogen)}} is used to reduce the size of an inoperable prostate tumor
Published	07/30/2024	Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia generally affects the {{c1::median and lateral}} lobes of the prostate
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Indwelling or cystostomy catheter}} may bring relief of acute obstruction to prostatic enlargements
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Finasteride (Proscar)}} inhibits enzyme {{c2::5-alpha reductase}}, blocks the uptake and utilization of androgens by the prostate, reducing glan…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hytrin}} is an Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blocking agent used in the preatment of prostatic enlargements
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP)}} is the preferred surgical treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy
Published	07/30/2024	Resection of the prostate through a {{c1::perineal}} incision poses the highest risk for impotence and incontinence
Published	07/30/2024	In glomerular diseases, Ig{{c1::G}} is seen in the basement membrane under the electron microscope
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) and IgA nephropathy}} is/are the most common glomerular disease/s
Published	07/30/2024	PSGN (Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis) is caused by an immune reaction to {{c1::Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS)}} forming …
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Minimal change Glomerulonephritis::glomerulonephritis}}, there are abnormal podocytes but it can be treated with supportive care + {{c2:…
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis::glomerulonephritis}}, segments of glomeruli develop sclerosis and steroid are {{c2::ine::ine/e}}ffec…
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Membranous Glomerulonephritis (MGN)::glomerulonephritis}}, there is a thickened glomerular basement membrane
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Primary}} Membrano-proliferative Glomerulonephritis is caused by the proliferation of antigen-antibody immune complexes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Secondary}} Membrano-proliferative Glomerulonephritis is associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or Hepatitis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Wegeners Granulomatosis}} is a vasculitic disorder that affects the Lungs, kidney and other organs that is (+) for {{c2::c}}-ANCA trea…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Microscopic Polyangiitis}} is a vasculitic disorder that affects the small vessels that is (+) for {{c2::p}}-ANCA treated with {{c3::s…
Published	07/30/2024	Shrunken (contracted) smooth kidneys seen through ultrasound are seen in {{c1::Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)::glomerulonephritis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Markers for Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis include {{c1::anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titres and complements}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 2. Lipids{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome is the {{c1::loss of albumin (hypoalbuminemia)}}
Published	07/30/2024	To manage nephrotic syndrome, ensure a protein diet of {{c1::0.6-0.8kg/day::weight}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Nephrotic syndrome 2. Parathyroid{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Nephrotic syndrome 2. thyroxine levels{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hypoalbuminemia cut off is {{c1::<3.5 g/dl}}
Published	07/30/2024	Proteinuria for adults cut off is {{c1::>3.5 g/day}}
Published	07/30/2024	Proteinuria for children cut off is {{c1::>40 mg/h per m2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hypoperfusion problems are {{c1::prerenal::pre/post/intrinsic renal}} mechanisms for renal failure
Published	07/30/2024	Obstruction problems are {{c1::postrenal::pre/post/intrinsic renal}} mechanisms for renal failure
Published	07/30/2024	allergies, inflammation, and nephrotoxic drugs are {{c1::intrinsic::pre/post/intrinsic renal}} mechanisms for renal failure
Published	07/30/2024	Better to study this and understand pathophysio instead{{c1::imong mama}}
Published	07/30/2024	Caloric intake for patients with renal failure should be {{c1::50kcal/kg/day}}
Published	07/30/2024	Salt intake for patients with renal failure should be {{c1::2-4 g/day}}
Published	07/30/2024	K intake for patients with renal failure should be {{c1::40meq/day}}
Published	07/30/2024	PO4 intake for patients with renal failure should be {{c1::800mg/day}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Insulin and Ca gluconate::2}} are adminsitered during renal failure to facilitate the uptake of K and avoid hyperkalemia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Kayexelate}} is administered during renal failure as a potassium binder to form potassium salt complex
Published	07/30/2024	Intractable hyperkalemia is treat through {{c1::Dialysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	These treatments for renal failure are intuitive. Study them{{c1::mama mo}}
Published	07/30/2024	Perform prohylactic dialysis when urea is {{c1::150 mg/dl}} and Creatinine is {{c2::>8-10 mg/dl}}
Published	07/30/2024	the most common cause of chronic renal failure in the PH is {{c1::hypertension}}
Status	Last Update	Fields