Notes in Renal Physiology

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Published	09/21/2023	make cards from this if necessary after lecture
Published	09/20/2023	3 key functions of the nephron:→ excreting the body’s {{c1::waste}}→ {{c3::reclaiming}} filtered fluid and solutes→ fine-tuning the {{c2::filtrate}}
Published	09/20/2023	blood needs filtration....- catabolism of exogenous and endogenous proteins → creates nitrogenous waste (in the form of {{c3::ammonia}}) → conversion …
Published	09/20/2023	functional unit of the kidney is the {{c1::nephron}}
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Published	09/20/2023	first step is filtration is through {{c1::glomerular}} capillaries - urea- creatinine - urobilin- uremic solutes- water- electrolytes *…
Published	09/20/2023	Glomerular filtration barrier*formed by {{c2::podocytes}}, a shared {{c4::basement membrane}}, and {{c1::fenestrated}} capillary endothelial cells- {{…
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Published	09/20/2023	glomerular filtration barrier is very selective based on....- {{c3::size}}: larger molecules do not cross as easily - {{c2::charge}}: positive/ne…
Published	09/20/2023	glomerular filtration {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} in response to severe bleeding- process: severe bleeding → decreased circulation blood vo…
Published	09/20/2023	first step is glomerular filtrationsecond step is {{c1::resabsorption}} of filtered flulid and specific solutes*occurs through peritubular capillaries
Published	10/05/2023	Na-H exchanger- {{c2::Na+}} is predominantly reabsorbed from tubule through these channels in proximal tubules - {{c3::carbonic anhydrase (CA)}} …
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Published	10/05/2023	{{c3::Acetazolamide}} is a drug that inhibits {{c2::carbonic anhydrase}} enzyme → bicarbonate cannot be degraded into H2O and CO2 → travels more dista…
Published	09/20/2023	Descending loop of Henle- {{c1::aquaporin-1}} channels here are hormone-independent... water is reabsorbed back from tubules and into the blood uncond…
Published	10/05/2023	Thick ascending Loop of Henle- water {{c1::impermeable::permeable/impermeable}} - actions of channels here increases {{c4::osmolarity}} of inters…
Published	09/20/2023	Distal convoluted tubulesNa/Cl transporter- cotransports Na+ and Cl- from {{c2::tubules}} back into cell*{{c1::Thiazides}} inhibit this channel → more…
Published	09/21/2023	Collecting ducts*{{c1::aldosterone}} produced by adrenal gland works in endothelial cells here → bind to intracellular mineralocorticoid receptors → i…
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Published	10/05/2023	High {{c1::aldosterone}} level → high {{c2::Na+::ion}} reabsorption back into blood → {{c3::K+::ion}} excretion is increased to balance the electrical…
Published	09/20/2023	primary site of {{c3::Na+::ion}} reabsorption and {{c1::K+::ion}} excretion in response to aldosterone levels is the {{c2::collecting duct}} of the ne…
Published	09/21/2023	water permeability of renal tubule- ~{{c1::70}}% is reabsorbed in proximal tubule- ~{{c2::20}}% is reabsorbed in descending loop of Henle- anywhere be…
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Published	10/05/2023	No ADH (an anti-{{c1::diuretic}}) → no hormonally-controlled water retention → poly{{c2::uria}} (production of abnormally large volumes of urine)*this…
Published	09/20/2023	the {{c1::proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)}} is the segment of nephron most vulnerable to injury/damage due to prolonged severe bleeding because it ha…
Published	09/20/2023	Each kidney is composed of over {{c1::one million::#}} nephrons
Published	09/20/2023	Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion are the three primary steps in which kidneys filter blood and maintain proper elect…
Published	09/20/2023	the absence of aquaporins and the presence of {{c1::tight junctions}} make the thick ascending limb and the distal convoluted tubule water impermeable
Published	09/21/2023	{{c4::proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)}} reabsorbs about 65-70% of filtered Na+, K+, Ca2+ and water, 80% of bicarbonates, and nearly all of the filter…
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