Notes in 05 Vascular malformations

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Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular Malformationsnoncontrast CT: {{c1::intraparenchymal}} hemorrhageYellow arrow: {{c2::large tangle of vessels}} Red ar…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular Malformations{{c1::Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)}} is a congenital high-flow vascular malformation consisting of direc…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsArteriovenous malformations occur {{c1::intra::intra/extra}}-axially and 85% are {{c2::supra::supra/infra}}-…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsWhat are often associated with the feeding arteries or intra-nidal arteries of an AVM that predisposes it to…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsWhat scale is used to help evalutate surgical risk for arteriovenous malformation resection?{{c1::Spetzler-M…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsSpetzler-Martin scale for AVM:Highest risk → {{c1::large (>6cm)::large/small}} AVM draining into a {{c3::…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsWhat are high-flow lesions (lesions with shunting) in the brain?{{c1::Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)}}{{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsArteriovenous malformation on MRI shows a {{c1::vascular nidus}} (“nest”) containing numerous serpentin…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsSurrounding an arteriovenous malformation, there are usually adjacent changes to the adjacent brain includin…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsThe {{c2::gliosis/encephalomalacia}} or {{c3::mineralization}} seen in the adjacent brain to the a…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsArteriorvenous malformations {{c1::replace::replace/displace}} brain tissue
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsUncommonly, a bleeding AVM may be angiographically occult if the malformed vessels are {{c1::compressed}} by…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsFactors that increase {{c6::bleeding risk}} in an arteriovenous malformation that are detectable b…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsTreatment of an arteriovenous malformation can be with {{c1::embolization}}, {{c2::stereotactic radiation}},…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsDural arteriovenous fistulas are a complex group of high-flow lesions characterized by arteriovenous shunts …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsThe primary prognostic feature for a dural arteriovenous fistula is the presence and degree of {{c1::cortica…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsWhat is the classification system for a dural arteriovenous fistula by risk of bleeding?{{c1::Cognard classi…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsDural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF):Cognard type I: {{c1::no cortical venous drainage.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsDural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF):Cognard type IIA: {{c1::reflux into dural sinus but not cortical veins}}I…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsDural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF):Cognard type III: {{c1::direct cortical venous drainage: 40% hemorrhage r…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsDural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF):Cognard type IV: {{c1::direct cortical venous drainage with venous ectasi…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsDural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF):Cognard type V: {{c1::spinal venous drainage. may cause myelopathy}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular Malformations{{c2::Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF)}} is a subtype of dural arteriovenous fistula that is often cause…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular Malformations{{c1::Vein of Galen malformation}} is a vascular malformation characterized by arteriovenous fistulae f…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsWhich vein is enlarged in a vein of Galen malformation?{{c1::median prosencephalic vein}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsIn childhood, what is the most common cause of extracardiac high output cardiac failure? {{c1::vei…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsWhen seen in {{c2::adults::children/adults}}, a vein of Galen malformation clinically presents {{c1::asympto…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsLow-flow lesions (lesions without shunting): {{c1::cavernous malformation (cavernoma)}} {{c2::deve…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsYellow arrow: hypointense, centrally hyperintense nonenhancing {{c1::cavernous}} malformationRed arrow: enha…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsImage #1: hyperattenuating {{c1::complex::complex/simple}} massImage #2: mass is predominantly {{c2::cystic:…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsA cavernous malformation (cavernoma) is a vascular {{c1::hamartoma}} with a very small but definite bleeding…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsThe clinical course of a cavernous malformation is variable and the lesion may cause {{c1::seizures}} even i…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular Malformations{{c2::Cavernous}} malformation is often associated with an adjacent {{c1::developmental venous anomaly …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsBleeding risk:cavernous malformation→ {{c1::small but definite}}cavernous malformation with adjacent develop…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsMultiple, cavernous malformations represent an inherited disorder called {{c1::familial cerebral cavernous m…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsCavernous malformations can be induced by {{c1::radiation treatment}} to the brain
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsCavernous malformation on noncontrast CT shows {{c1::well::well/poorly}}-circumscribed rounded {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsThe hyper-attenuation seen within a cavernoma on noncontrast CT is due to {{c1::microcalcification}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsCavernoma on MRI shows characteristic “{{c2::popcorn}}-like” appearance of lobular mixed signal on T1- …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsSurrounding a cavernoma, there is a peripheral rim of {{c1::hemosiderin}} which is {{c1::dark::bright/dark}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsCavernous malformations typically {{c1::do not::do/do not}} enhance, but may show {{c2::intense}} enhan…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsHow do cavernous malformations appear on vascular imaging (CTA or angiography)?{{c1::usually occult }}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsYellow arrows: subtle curvilinear enhancing structureDiagnosis: {{c1::developmental venous anomaly::left ima…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular Malformations{{c1::Developmental venous anomalies (DVA)}} are abnormal veins that provides functional venous dr…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsDevelopmental venous anomaly can usually only be seen on {{c2::contrast}}-enhanced or {{c2::susceptibility}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsLow flow "Do Not Touch" lesions: {{c1::Developmental venous anomaly}} {{c2::Capillary telangi…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsIn order to avoid a debilitating venous infarct, what lesion must be preserved if an&nbs…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsArrow: faint focal enhancement in dorsal pons with associated {{c1::susceptibility}} artifact without mass e…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular Malformations {{c1::Capillary telangiectasias}} are asymptomatic vascular lesions composed of dilated {{c2::capillar…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsA capillary telangiectasia on post-contrast MRI shows a faint, {{c1::brush-stroke}}-like enhancing lesion, m…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsA capillary telangiectasia on gradiant echo sequence (GRE) often shows {{c1::blooming}} due to {{c2::suscept…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsHow does a capillary telangiectasia appear on vascular imaging?{{c1::angiographically occult}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Vascular MalformationsCapillary telangiectasia can mimic an {{c2::enhancing}} tumor, although they can be differentiated from othe…
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