Notes in 09Neoplasia

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Differentiation}} is the extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble the corresponding normal parenchymal cells (both morphologically …
Published	07/30/2024	The image on the left is normal smooth muscle and the image on the right is a leiomyomaBased on the images, we can say that the leiomyoma is {{c1::wel…
Published	07/30/2024	VR(1) Differentiation(2) Functional capabilities retained{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Malignancy}} gives rise to new and unanticipated functions of its cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anaplasia}} is considered the hallmark of malignancy, referring to a lack of {{c1::differentiation}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pleomorphism::What anaplastic morphological change}} refers to variation in size and shape wherein cells range from small to tumor giant cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Abnormal nuclear morphology::What anaplastic morphological change}} refers to:- {{c2::high::high/low}} nuclear to cytoplasm ratio (normal ratio …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mitoses::What anaplastic morphological change}} refers to the presence of atypical, bizarre mitotic figures not usually seen in the cell cy…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Loss of polarity::What anaplastic morphological change}} refers to the disturbance in the orientation of the cells; they grow in disorganized fa…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Necrosis::What anaplastic morphological change}} takes place when the {{c2::stroma}} is unable to sufficiently supply the needs of the tumo…
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::malignant::malignant/benign}} tumor exhibits infiltration, invasion, and destruction of surrounding tissue
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::benign::malignant/benign}} tumor grows as a cohesive expansile mass that remains localized to the site of origin
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::benign::malignant/benign}} tumor has a {{c2::capsule}} that is composed of extracellular matrix deposited by stromal cells that are activ…
Published	07/30/2024	The images show a {{c1::benign::benign/malignant}} tumor
Published	07/30/2024	The images show a {{c1::malignant::benign/malignant}} tumor
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Metastasis}} is the spread of a tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor
Published	07/30/2024	Metastasis spreads through three pathways:- {{c1::direct seeding of body cavities and surfaces}}- {{c1::lymphatic spread}}- {{c1::hematogenous spread}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Direct seeding of body cavities and surfaces::What pathway of metastatis}} occurs whenever a malignant neoplasm penetrates a natural "{{c2::open…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lymphatic spread::What pathway of metastatis}} is the most common pathway for the initial spread of {{c2::carcinomas}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sentinel nodes}} are the first node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hematogenous spread::What pathway of metastasis}} refers to the entry of tumor cells into the blood circulation, typical of {{c2::sarcomas}…
Published	07/30/2024	Hematogenous spread most often affects {{c1::veins::blood vessel}} and most frequently involves the {{c1::liver and lungs::2 organs}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Driver mutations}} are mutations that contribute to the acquisition of cancer hallmarks
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Initiating mutation}} is the first driver mutation that starts the cell on the path to malignancy
Published	07/30/2024	Neoplasia arises from either:- {{c1::irreversibly injured cell}}- {{c1::cell in process of adapting to injury}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tumor progression}} refers to the genetic evolution and progression of tumor cells under the pressure of {{c2::Darwinian selection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tumors that recur after therapy are almost always {{c1::resistant::resistant/non-resistant}} to the original chemotherapy given
Published	07/30/2024	Local effects of a tumor:- {{c1::Impinge upon vital tissues and impair their function}}- {{c1::Cause death of involved tissues}}- {{c1::Provide nidus …
Published	07/30/2024	Neoplasms are the{{c1::2nd::rank}} leading cause of death across sexes {{c1::3rd::rank}} leading cause of death among males{{c1::2nd::rank}} lead…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cachexia}} is the progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia that is not e…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)}} or {{c1::cachectin}} is the most important local mediator responsible for cachexia
Published	07/30/2024	Pathogenesis of cancer involves the {{c1::mutation}} of a cell instead of undergoing cell death (apoptosis)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neoplasia}} is the disorder of {{c2::cell growth}} triggered by a series of acquired mutations affecting a single cell and its clonal proge…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dysplasia}} is the loss of {{c2::uniforimity of epthelial cells}} and {{c2::architectural orientation}} encountered in {{c3::epit…
Published	07/30/2024	Cellular architectural orientation is also called {{c1::polarity}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Carcinoma-in-situ}} presents full thickness dysplasia but no penetration of the basement membrane. If there is invasion, it's now called {{…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Dyplasia may be a precursor to neoplasia and malignant transformation{{c1::F (because it is maladaptive)::T/F}} Dysplasia is an adaptiv…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Hyperplasia may lead to neoplasia{{c1::T::T/F}} Metaplasia may lead to neoplasia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nonlethal genetic damage}} lies at the heart of {{c2::carcinogenesis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Basic Components of NeoplasiaThe {{c1::parenchyma}} consists of neoplastic cells and is where the tumor derives its name
Published	07/30/2024	Basic Components of NeoplasiaThe {{c1::stroma}} consists of the connective tissue, blood vessels and cells of the immune system which are critical for…
Published	07/30/2024	[Benign or Malignant Tumors]{{c1::Benign}: tumor is localized and amenable to surgical removal{{c1::Malignant}}: collectively called cancers{{c1::Mali…
Published	07/30/2024	Benign tumors{{c1::Fibroma}}: mesenchymal tumor arising from fibrous tissue{{c1::Lipoma}}:: tumor arising from fat{{c1::Chondroma}}: tumor arising fro…
Published	07/30/2024	Malignant tumors{{c1::Lymphoma}}: tumor of lymohocytes or their precursors{{c1::Melanoma}}: tumor of melanocytes{{c1::Mesothelioma}}: tumor of mesothe…
Published	07/30/2024	Benign tumor:{{c1::Fibroma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Benign tumor:{{c1::Lipoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Benign tumor:{{c1::Chondroma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Benign epithelial tumor:{{c1::Adenoma, specifically Thyroid Follicular Adenoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Benign epithelial tumor:{{c1::Adenoma, specifically Colon Adenoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Benign epithelial tumor:{{c1::Skin papilloma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Malignant tumor:{{c1::Carcinoma, specifically Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast}}
Published	07/30/2024	Malignant tumor:{{c1::Carcinoma, specifically Squamous cell carcinoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Malignant tumor:{{c1::Adenocarcinoma, specifically Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Malignant tumor{{c1::Adenocarcinoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Malignant tumor{{c1::Rhabdomyosarcoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mixed tumors}} have both {{c2::epithelioid}} and {{c2::mesenchymal}} components
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Immature teratomas are malignant
Published	07/30/2024	Mixed tumors{{c1::Pleomorphic adenoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Teratomas}} are mixed tumors containing recognizable mature or immature or tissues belonging to more than one germ cell layer
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hamartomas}} are disorganized but benign masses composed of cells {{c2::indigenous}} to the involved site
Published	07/30/2024	Benign tumors{{c1::Hamartoma, specifically Pulmonary Hamartoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Benign tumors{{c1::Choristoma, specifically an Osseous choristoma in the tongue}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Choristomas}} are tumors with {{c2::heterotopic (meaning displaced/ectopic)}} rest of cells
Published	07/30/2024	Paraneoplastic syndromes are frequently encountered as problems in the {{c1::endocrine}} system
Published	07/30/2024	Most common ENDOCRINOPATHY: {{c1::Cushing Syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::50}}% of people with Cushing Syndrome have {{c2::small-cell lung carcinoma::cancer}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cushing syndrome is caused by excessive production of {{c1::corticotropin}} or {{c1::glucocorticoids}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common paraneoplastic syndrome and metabolic emergency for cancer patients is: {{c1::Hypercalcemia}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypercalcemia::Paraneoplastic Syndrome}} is often associated with cancers of the breast, kidney, ovary, and lung (associated with squamous …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypercalcemia::Paraneoplastic Syndrome}} is caused by production of calcemic humoral substances by extraosseous neoplasm, especially {…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Trousseau Syndrome (Migratory Thrombophlebitis)::Paraneoplastic Syndrome}} is often associated with deep-seated carcinomas (pancreas, lung)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acanthosis Nigricans::Paraneoplastic Syndrome}} is characterized by gray black patches of thickened, hyperkeratotic skin with a velvety app…
Published	07/30/2024	Immunihistochemistry is a special form of staining that you can use on {{c1::paraffin blocks}} in order to highlight certain characteristics of t…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epitopes}} - distinct surface features in {{c2::antigens}} resulting specific responses
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::paratope}} - recognizes a specific a specific epitope on an antigen acting like a lock-and-key mechanism
Published	07/30/2024	Enzymes used in immunohistochemistry{{c1::Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)Alkaline Phosphatase (AP)::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	A positive result in an immunohistochemistry test will have a {{c1::brown}} color
Published	07/30/2024	Marker for {{c2::adenocarcinoma}}: {{c1::Napsin A.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Marker for {{c2::sqouamous cell carcinoma}}: {{c1::P63}}
Published	07/30/2024	Marker for {{c2::melanocytic cells}}: {{c1::S100}}
Published	07/30/2024	Marker for {{c2::epithelial cells}}: {{c1::Cytokeratin (CK)}}
Published	07/30/2024	A T cell lymphoma would be {{c1::positive::+/-}} for CD3
Published	07/30/2024	A B cell lymphoma would be {{c1::negative::+/-}} for CD3
Published	07/30/2024	Original tumor where metastatic tumors arose aka {{c1::primary}} tumor
Published	07/30/2024	Primary tumors from the breast can be stained with {{c1::mammaglobin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Her2Neu+ tumors in breast have {{c1::poorer::poorer/better}} prognosis, but responds to Anti-Her2 receptor therapy (responds to a drug called {{c2::He…
Published	07/30/2024	[BREAST Stage of Cancer]Carcinoma in-situ (in the breast). Very small inside the glands. Has a survival rate of 100%Stage {{c1::0}}
Published	07/30/2024	[BREAST Stage of Cancer]Tumor is less than {{c2::2}} cm and has already invaded out of the basement membrane though invasive carcinoma still confined …
Published	07/30/2024	[BREAST Stage of Cancer]Tumor greater than {{c2::2}} cm (~{{c2::5}} cm). Lymph nodes may already be affected (Only those near the breast) but sti…
Published	07/30/2024	[BREAST Stage of Cancer]Tumor {{c2::5}} cm or larger. Regional lymph nodes affected by cancer (more of the axillary lymph nodes are already affec…
Published	07/30/2024	[BREAST Stage of Cancer]May also have reached the muscles and the skinStage {{c1::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	[BREAST Stage of Cancer]{{c2::61}}% 5-year survival rateStage {{c1::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	[BREAST Stage of Cancer]Cancer has already spread outside the breast areaStage {{c1::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	[BREAST Stage of Cancer]{{c2::20}}% 5-year survival rateStage {{c1::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Grading}} tells the level of differentiation of tumor cell histology
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Staging}} is the best prognosticator of a tumor and tells clinical aspects
Published	07/30/2024	Most common type of cancer:Across both sexes: {{c1::Breast cancer}}In males: {{c1::Lung cancer}}In females: {{c1::Breast cancer}}
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