Notes in Protein Lipid Metabolism

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Published	09/14/2023	The energy stored between the {{c1::beta and gamma}} phosphates in ATP are used for {{c2::muscle contraction}}
Published	09/14/2023	The energy stored between the {{c1::alpha and beta}} phosphates in ATP are used for {{c2::RNA synthesis}}
Published	09/14/2023	{{c3::Carbohydrates}} are {{c2::4 calories}} and can be used by {{c1::all tissues}} to make ATP.
Published	09/14/2023	{{c3::Trigylcerides}} are {{c2::9 calories}} and can be used by {{c1::tissues with mitochondria}} to make ATP.
Published	09/14/2023	{{c3::Proteins}} are {{c2::4 calories}} and can be used by when i{{c4::n excess or in starvation}} to produce ATP.
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::Alcohol}} is {{c2::7 calories}} but {{c3::cannot}} be used to make ATP since it is a {{c3::2-carbon}} moiety.
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::The brain}} despite having mitochondria can only use {{c2::glucose}} as its primary energy source.
Published	09/14/2023	HIgh {{c1::protein}} meals will increase release of both {{c2::insulin and glucagon}}
Published	09/14/2023	{{c2::Glycolysis}} produces about {{c1::2}} ATP, while {{c2::oxidative phosphorylation}} accounts for {{c1::>30}} ATP.
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::Creatine phosphate}} replenishes ATP by donating its phosphate to ADP.
Published	09/14/2023	The {{c1::liver}} stores glucose as {{c1::glycogen}} and exports glucose to the rest of the body when levels are low.
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::Skeletal muscle}} stores glucose as {{c1::glycogen}} for use in its tissue only.
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::Fatty acids}} are insoluble and are transported bound to {{c2::albumin}}.
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::Adipose tissue}} stores glucose as {{c2::triglycerides}}
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::Insulin}} promotes storage of energy as {{c2::glycogen and TGs}} and inhibits {{c2::degradation of those stores}}
Published	09/14/2023	{{c3::Glucagon and epinepherine}} promote degradation of {{c2::glycogen and TGs}} and inhibits {{c1::synthesis of energy stores}}
Published	09/14/2023	DNA present in {{c1::mitochondria}} is {{c2::circular}}.
Published	09/14/2023	Purpose of the endomembrane system
Published	09/14/2023	Pathway of peptide through endomembrane system
Published	09/14/2023	How do proteins end up in the ER Lumen? (what modifications)
Published	09/14/2023	How do proteins end up going to the lysosome? (what modifications)
Published	09/14/2023	How do proteins end up going to cell membrane vesicles? (what modifications)
Published	09/14/2023	How does proteins end up being retained in the ER?
Published	09/14/2023	How does proteins end up as cell membrane components?
Published	09/14/2023	How do proteins end up being secreted?
Published	09/14/2023	How do proteins end up as extrinsic transmembrane proteins? (modification)
Published	09/14/2023	How do proteins end up as cargo to be degraded? (modification)
Published	09/14/2023	Example of cells rich in Smooth ER:
Published	09/14/2023	Tay-Sachs Disease
Published	09/14/2023	Prions occur from errors in {{c2::protein folding}} and are often {{c2::insoluble}} leading to accumulation in the brain.
Published	09/14/2023	Class II CFTR Mutations
Published	09/14/2023	⍺1-Antitrypsin (A1AT) function
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::A1AT polymerization (not degraded)}} -> {{c2::Leads to cirrhosis of the liver}} -> {{c3::Gain of function disorder}}
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::A1AT is degraded}} -> {{c2::low levels secreted}} -> {{c3::lung disease }}
Published	09/15/2023	Mechanism of the botulinum toxin
Published	09/14/2023	Mechanism of the tetanus toxin
Published	09/14/2023	Urea synthesis mainly occurs in the {{c1::liver}}
Published	09/14/2023	Urea synthesis occurs in the {{c1::cytoplasm and mitochondria}} (locations in the cell)
Published	09/14/2023	The two amino groups in urea come from {{c1::ammonia and aspartate}}
Published	09/14/2023	Sodium phenylbutyrate MOA
Published	09/14/2023	What type of diet would you prescribe someone who has high ammonia and urea cycle disorders?
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::Statins}} are a class of drugs that {{c3::decrease blood cholesterol}} levels by inhibiting {{c2::HMG-CoA reductase}} the key enzyme in choleste…
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::Oxidized LDL}} is the immediate precursor from which plaque cholesterol forms.
Published	09/14/2023	After meals, {{c2::intestine}} uses dietary lipids to package {{c1::chylomicrons}} and releases them into blood
Published	09/14/2023	Between meals, {{c1::liver}} synthesizes {{c2::fatty acids and cholesterol;}} packages these newly synthesized compounds and lipids taken up from…
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::LDL}} is bad cholesterol, {{c1::HDL}} is good cholesterol.
Published	09/14/2023	Process of plaque formation in blood vessels
Published	09/14/2023	Ways to reduce plaque formation
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::Fomepizole}} used to treat methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning
Published	09/14/2023	{{c1::Disulfiram}} used to treat alcoholism (aversion therapy) by inhibiting alcohol metabolism and increase {{c2::acetaldehyde}} intermediate which m…
Published	09/14/2023	Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency (presentation + pathology)
Published	09/14/2023	L-type calcium channel blockage via overdose leads to {{c1::hyperglycemia}} due to {{c1::inhibited insulin release  }}
Published	09/14/2023	MOA of octreotide
Published	09/14/2023	How does insulin regulate glucose/glycogen?
Published	09/14/2023	How does insulin regulate protein levels?
Published	09/14/2023	How does insulin regulate fat?
Published	09/14/2023	How does insulin regulate potassium?
Published	09/14/2023	Why is insulin given parenterally?
Published	09/14/2023	Rapid acting insulin
Published	09/14/2023	short acting insulin
Published	09/14/2023	Intermediate Acting insulin
Published	09/14/2023	Long-acting insulin
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