Notes in Foundational Science

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Published	08/28/2024	What does the Karyokinesis-cytokinesis model of cell division focus on?1. Karyokinesis {{c1::DNA synthesis and chromosome separation}}2. Cytokinesis {…
Published	08/28/2024	The stages of the G1 - S - G2 - M Model of cell division are simple to remember (G1 - S - G2 - M lol). What happens in each of the stages?G1 - {{…
Published	08/28/2024	How does DNA content vary during cell division?{{c1::DNA content doubles during the S phase}}
Published	08/28/2024	The cell cycle entry and exit are controlled by {{c1::growth regulatory factors}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are mitogens and how do they relate to the cell cycle?{{c1::Mitogens bind to cell surface receptors to activate signal transduction cascades…
Published	08/28/2024	What is required for cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs)? {{c1::cyclins}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the order of cyclins binding to CDKs and degrading to progress the cell cycle? {{c1::DE AB}}
Published	08/28/2024	What happens if Cyclin B does not degrade?{{c1::The cell will not exit mitosis (stuck in metaphase)}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is p27 and what does it do to CDKs?{{c1::p27 is a CDK inhibitor (CKIS) so it inhibits cell cycle progression}}
Published	08/28/2024	When mitogens bind cell surface receptors, p27 is {{c1::downregulated}}
Published	08/28/2024	What mediates DNA damage-induced G1 arrest? What does it cause?{{c1::p53}}{{c1::p53}} binds DNA to upregulate {{c2::p21}} transcription. {{c2::p2…
Published	08/28/2024	What CDK/cyclin complex regulates S-phase entry?{{c1::CDK2/cyclin E}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::G2}} checkpoints ensure completion of DNA synthesis and repair
Published	08/28/2024	What do ATM and ATR do as it relates to the cell cycle? What recruits each of them?ATM is recruited by {{c2::double-stranded}} breaks. It eventua…
Published	08/28/2024	What are the two conditions that promote M-phase entry?{{c1::sufficient cyclin B binding to CDK1}} and {{c1::CDK1 is phosphorylated and dephospho…
Published	08/28/2024	What causes MPF (M-phase promoting factor) kinase inactivation?First, {{c1::Cyclin B}} is {{c1::ubiquinated}}. Second, it is degraded by a peroxi…
Published	08/28/2024	What are the 4 functions of MPF during mitosis?{{c1::}}
Published	08/28/2024	Condensin {{c1::phosphorylation}} drives chromosome condensation.
Published	08/28/2024	How is the nuclear envelope degraded in mitosis?CDK1/cyclin {{c1::B}} complex {{c2::phosphorylates}} the {{c3::lamin filament}} making up the nuclear …
Published	08/28/2024	What are the two mitotic (M-phase) checkpoints?1. {{c1::alignment of chromosomes on mitotic spindle}}2. {{c2::equal separation of chromosome…
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