Notes in CHEM 332 Makenna-Generated

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Published	01/21/2025	The Central Dogma is...
Published	01/21/2025	Define haploid.
Published	01/21/2025	Define diploid.
Published	01/21/2025	Define allele.
Published	01/21/2025	Define gene.
Published	01/21/2025	Define locus.
Published	01/21/2025	Define genotype.
Published	01/21/2025	Define phenotype.
Published	01/21/2025	List the three domains of life.
Published	01/21/2025	Bacteria and archaea are {{c1::prokaryotes}}.
Published	01/21/2025	Eukaryotes have {{c1::membrane-enclosed organelles}} while prokaryotes do not.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the cell wall.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the nucleolus.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the chromatin.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the nucleus membrane.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the cytosol.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the mitochondria.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the golgi apparatus.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the ribosome.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the plasma membrane.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the chloroplast.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the nucleoid.
Published	01/21/2025	Function of the nucleus.
Published	01/21/2025	Define genome.
Published	01/21/2025	Bacteria have a {{c1::single circular}} genome, abbreviated {{c1::dsDNA}}.
Published	01/21/2025	Define plasmid.
Published	01/21/2025	List an example of a plasmid's specific function.
Published	01/21/2025	Define conjugation.
Published	01/21/2025	Define transformation.
Published	01/21/2025	Define transduction.
Published	01/21/2025	In diploid eukaryotes, gametes are {{c1::haploid}}, and fertilization produces a {{c1::}} zygote.
Published	01/21/2025	Prokaryotic cells have {{c1::one}} chromosome(s).
Published	01/21/2025	Animal cells have a {{c1::round, irregular}} shape, and plant cells have a {{c1::rectangular, fixed}} shape.
Published	01/21/2025	What is used to stain bacteria?
Published	01/21/2025	Gram-positive bacteria have:
Published	01/21/2025	Gram-negative bacteria have:
Published	01/21/2025	Iodine stains {{c1::peptidoglycan}} and creates a {{c1::purple}} stain.
Published	01/21/2025	Are viruses alive?
Published	01/21/2025	Viruses that target bacteria are called {{c1::bacteriophages}} or {{c1::phages}}.
Published	01/21/2025	{{c1::Phages}} are the most abundant bacteria on Earth.
Published	01/21/2025	What is the scientific name for humans?
Published	01/21/2025	How many genes do humans have?
Published	01/21/2025	What is the lifespan of humans?
Published	01/21/2025	How long is one human generation?
Published	01/21/2025	What is the model bacteria?
Published	01/21/2025	Escherichia coli are gram-{{c1::negative}}.
Published	01/21/2025	How many genes do Escherichia coli have?
Published	01/21/2025	What is the model fungus?
Published	01/21/2025	HeLa cells are...
Published	01/21/2025	What is the model plant?
Published	01/21/2025	How many genes do Saccharomyces cerevisiae have?
Published	01/21/2025	How many genes do Arabidopsis thaliana have?
Published	01/21/2025	What is the model invertebrate animal?
Published	01/21/2025	How many genes do Caenorhabditis elegans have?
Published	01/21/2025	What is the model invertebrate?
Published	01/21/2025	How many genes do Drosophilia melanogaster have?
Published	01/21/2025	What is the model vertebrate animal?
Published	01/21/2025	How many genes do Mus musculus have?
Published	01/21/2025	The unicellular model organisms are:
Published	01/21/2025	The multicellular model organisms are:
Published	01/21/2025	What are lipids?
Published	01/21/2025	What are three functions of lipids?
Published	01/21/2025	What do all fatty acids have in common?
Published	01/21/2025	Saturated fatty acids {{c1::don't}} have double bonds, and are {{c1::solids}} at room temperature.
Published	01/21/2025	Unsaturated fatty acids {{c1::do}} have double bonds and are {{c1::liquids}} at room temperature.
Published	01/21/2025	{{c1::Unsaturated}} fatty acids naturally have {{c1::cis}} double bonds, but during food processing, the double bonds can become {{c1::trans…
Published	01/21/2025	Role of triacylglycerols.
Published	01/21/2025	{{c1::Adipocytes}} or {{c1::lipocytes}} contain triacylglycerol droplets that nearly fill the cell.
Published	01/21/2025	{{c1::Plant seeds}} contain oil droplets as energy source for {{c1::germination}}.
Published	01/21/2025	What do waxes have in common?
Published	01/21/2025	What are the roles of waxes?
Published	01/21/2025	What is the role of glycerophospholipids?
Published	01/21/2025	What are the roles of sphingoglycolipids?
Published	01/21/2025	What is the role of sphingophospholipids?
Published	01/21/2025	The most important membrane lipid in plants is {{c1::galactolipids}}, or otherwise called {{c1::glyceroglycolipids}}.
Published	01/21/2025	What is the role of glyceroglycolipids?
Published	01/21/2025	Human germ cells are {{c1::haploid}}.
Published	01/21/2025	True or False: Chloroplasts have their own DNA, separate from that of the nucleus.
Published	01/21/2025	True or False: Mitochondria have their own DNA, separate from that of the nucleus.
Published	01/21/2025	How many chromosomes do most human cells carry?
Published	01/21/2025	List four differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Published	01/21/2025	True or False: The fact that humans are more complex organisms that plants is reflected in their number of genes.
Published	01/21/2025	What test allows for the differentiation of bacteria based on their cell wall structure?
Published	01/21/2025	True or False: Triacylglycerols are the most important components of cell membranes.
Published	01/21/2025	What are the three steps of the Central Dogma?
Published	01/21/2025	True or False: Archaea species are bacteria.
Published	01/21/2025	True or False: Archaea are multicellular organisms.
Published	01/21/2025	True or False: The common fruit fly can be grown in flasks for research.
Published	01/21/2025	How many alleles of the same gene does a tetraploid organism have?
Published	01/21/2025	What are three characteristics that differentiate plant cells from animal cells?
Published	01/21/2025	True or False: Viruses are prokaryotes.
Published	01/21/2025	True or False: Trans fatty acids are important to cells for energy storage.
Published	01/21/2025	List the four classes of lipids that are important components of cellular membranes.
Published	01/21/2025	In the cell, what are fatty acids most commonly found as?
Published	01/21/2025	Which enzyme catalyses the formation and breakdown of triglycerides?
Published	01/21/2025	Define nucleotide.
Published	01/21/2025	Define nucleoside.
Published	01/21/2025	Define nucleobase.
Published	01/21/2025	The purines have {{c1::two}} ring(s), and the pyrimidines have {{c1::one}} ring(s).
Published	01/21/2025	The purines are {{c1::adenine}} and {{c1::guanine}}.
Published	01/21/2025	The pyrimidines are {{c1::cytosine}}, {{c1::thymine}}, and {{c1::uracil}}.
Published	01/21/2025	DNA sequences are always given from the {{c1::5'}}-end to the {{c1::3'}}-end
Published	01/21/2025	Define histone.
Published	01/21/2025	Define nucleosome.
Published	01/21/2025	How does DNA packing work in eukaryotic cells?
Published	01/21/2025	How does DNA packing work in prokaryotic cells.
Published	01/21/2025	Why does the complexity of an organism not depend on its genome size?
Published	01/21/2025	In eukaryotes, approximately {{c1::1.5}}% of the total genome encodes for proteins.In prokaryotes, approximately {{c1::75}}% of the total genome encod…
Published	01/21/2025	What are five explanations for non-coding DNA?
Published	01/21/2025	Define exons.
Published	01/21/2025	Define introns.
Published	01/21/2025	Define replication.
Published	01/21/2025	List the three fundamental rules of replication.
Published	01/21/2025	What is meant by semi-conservative in replication?
Published	01/21/2025	What is meant by semi-discontinuous in replication.
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