Notes in L03 Things that Swim, Crawl, Slither, and Grow in the Ground

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Published	06/22/2023	What is snake venom composed of?Snake {{c1::saliva}}. It is a melange of various protein and polypeptide compounds with a variety of toxic actions.&nb…
Published	06/22/2023	When do snake bites occur? Most bites in the US occur between May and October depending on the species, 25-80% of bites can be {{c1::dry}}
Published	06/22/2023	Where are snake bites most common?On the {{c1::lower}} extremities
Published	06/22/2023	What is this family of snake called?
Published	06/22/2023	What is this snake called?Crotilinae pit vipera
Published	06/22/2023	What are key characteristics of Vipers?- Primarily {{c1::tissue}} toxic venom - {{c1::Long, hinged}} mobile fangs - 25% , {{c1::"dry"}} bite…
Published	06/22/2023	What are Crotalinae? “{{c1::Pit}} Vipers” or “{{c1::New World}} Vipers” Primarily tissue toxic venom meaning it {{c2::breaks down tissue}}
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Published	06/22/2023	What are local effects of Viper Envenomation?- Soft tissue {{c1::swelling, bruising, necrosis }}- Persistent {{c1::oozing at bite site }}
Published	06/22/2023	What are the systemic effects of Viper envenomations?  Coagulopathy• Depletion of {{c1::fibrinogen}}• Enzymatic degradation of {{c1::fibrin}} …
Published	06/22/2023	What is significant about Elapidae?Primarily {{c1::neurotoxic}} venom {{c1::Front fixed}} fangs 60% bites may be {{c1::"dry" }}Primaril…
Published	06/22/2023	What kind of ELAPIDAE is this?
Published	06/22/2023	What kind of Elapidae is this?
Published	06/22/2023	What ELAPIDAE is this?
Published	06/22/2023	What type of ELAPIDAE is this?
Published	06/22/2023	What type of Elapidae is this?
Published	06/22/2023	What type of Elapidae is this?
Published	06/22/2023	What is Hydrophidae? • “{{c1::Sea}} Snakes” • Subfamily of {{c1::elapids}} • {{c1::Front fixed}} fangs • {{c1::Neurotoxic}} venom • 80% of bites ma…
Published	06/22/2023	What kind of Hydrophidae is this?
Published	06/22/2023	What kind of Hydrophidae is this?
Published	06/22/2023	What are these symptoms of?  {{c3::Elapid and Hydrophiid envenomation}} PMN: Paresthesias, muscle fasciculations, nerve palsies Confusion,&n…
Published	06/22/2023	What NOT to do when you have a snake bite:{{c1::Suck}} the wound {{c1::Milk}} the woundApply {{c1::cold}} to the area Apply a {{c1::tourniquet}}{…
Published	06/22/2023	What TO DO when you have a snake bite: • Keep the affected area {{c1::elevated}} • Keep the wound {{c1::clean }}
Published	06/22/2023	What is this checklist associated with? {{c1::VIPERIDAE BITE TREATMENT}} • Monitor swelling over time • Check coagulation bloodwork • Check pla…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Viperidae Antivenom?- {{c1::Immunoglobulin}} fragments - {{c1::Sheep}} derived (Crofab) - Combination of antibody fragments from 4 c…
Published	06/22/2023	What are indicators of Viperidae Venom?- Progressive {{c1::swelling }}- {{c1::Thrombo}}cytopenia - {{c1::Coagulopathy}}- {{c1::Neurotoxicity…
Published	06/22/2023	We caution using Viperidae AntiVenom as there may be:- Acute {{c1::hypersensitivity}} reactions - Allergy to {{c1::sheep, papaya, and pineapple&n…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the treatment for ELAPIDAE & HYDROPHIDAE Bites?- We strongly consider antivenom for {{c1::most/all bites}}
Published	06/22/2023	Vipers are divided into “{{c1::Old World” (Viperinae)}} and “{{c2::New World/Pit Vipers” (Crotalinae) }}
Published	06/22/2023	Most U.S. native venomous snake bites are from {{c1::“Pit Vipers”. }}
Published	06/22/2023	Pit Viper venom: {{c2::swelling, bruising, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy}} • Treatment: {{c1::elevation, antivenom }}
Published	06/22/2023	Elapidae & Hydrophidae venom can cause confusion, nerve palsies, paralysis • Treatment: {{c2::respiratory support, antivenom }}
Published	06/22/2023	• The only U.S. native Elapid is the {{c1::Coral Snake.}}
Published	06/22/2023	What are general characteristics of spiders? • Generally {{c1::shy and non-aggressive}} • Most spiders are found in {{c1::gardens and dark, q…
Published	06/22/2023	What are characteristics of Black Widow (Latrodectus) Spider? Species are found on all continents except Antarctica and widely across the U.S. {{c1…
Published	06/22/2023	α-latrotoxin         • {{c1::Neurotoxin}}        • Form pores in neuron leading to {{c1::Ca2+ influx}} &n…
Published	06/22/2023	What are local symptoms of Envenomation? • Localized {{c1::sweating}} at bite site • Local {{c1::pain}}
Published	06/22/2023	What are these the systems of?  {{c1::Envenomation}}Nausea, salivation, urinary retention Muscle cramping, weakness, tremorHypertension, tac…
Published	06/22/2023	What are treatments for black widow venom? • {{c1::Pain}} control • {{c1::Benzos }} for muscle spasms • Tetanus {{c1::prophylaxis}} • Antiven…
Published	06/22/2023	What are characteristics of the Brown Recluse (Loxosceles)?Found throughout the South and Southwestern US and around the worldPainless bite Sympt…
Published	06/22/2023	What are these symptoms associated with?  {{c1::Brown (Loxosceles) envenomation}}Local symptoms: Local blistering, bleeding, ulcerationEdema…
Published	06/22/2023	These methods are utilized for treatment of which spider envenomation?  {{c1::Brown Recluse Envenomation}}Wound carePain controlTetanus prophylax…
Published	06/22/2023	What is this spider and its symptoms?
Published	06/22/2023	What is this spider and its symptoms?
Published	06/22/2023	What is this spider and its symptoms?
Published	06/22/2023	Spiders are generally not interested in biting humans unless {{c1::provoked or threatened. }}
Published	06/22/2023	• Significant toxicity from U.S. spiders is {{c1::rare.}}
Published	06/22/2023	ScorpionsMost dangerous family world-wide is Buthidae. {{c1::Bark}} scorpion only dangerous scorpion in US. Their venom is primarily neurotoxic a…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the mechanism for the neurotoxicity of scorpions? • Opens neuronal sodium channels • Repetitive nerve depolarizations cause {{c1::excessiv…
Published	06/22/2023	 Pokeweed  {{c1::Mitogen}} inhibits ribosomal RNA leading to lymphocytosis 2-4 days postingestion  Also causes {{c1::GI symptoms(DIARRHEA)}} a…
Published	06/22/2023	What is this?
Published	06/22/2023	What is this?
Published	06/22/2023	Jimson weed is a part of the nightshade family. What are its effects?Approximately 0.1 mg {{c1::atropine}} per seed{{c2::Anticholinergic}} symptoms
Published	06/22/2023	What are angels trumpet & deadly nightshade?They have Antimuscarinic effects: {{c1::Atropine,hyoscyamine,scopolamine}} • Hot as a hare,dry as …
Published	06/22/2023	What do we treat the nightshade family with:- {{c1::Benzos, physostigmine}}
Published	06/22/2023	What are Lysergamides? • Cause LSD-like effects through {{c1::serotonin receptor agonism}} or MAO inhibition • Hallucinations, euphoria, synesthes…
Published	06/22/2023	What is this and what family of plants is it under?
Published	06/22/2023	What is this and what family of plants is it under?
Published	06/22/2023	What is this and what family is it a part of?
Published	06/22/2023	Tobacco is a part of the Nicotinia species. How can we have contact with Tobacco?We can have contact with tobacco through {{c1::ingestion, dermal abso…
Published	06/22/2023	What kind of stimulation do we get from Tobacco?{{c1::Nicotonic (peripheral)}} & {{c1::muscarinic (central)}} stimulation
Published	06/22/2023	What are these symptoms associated with? {{c1::Tobacco }}• Salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea • Tremors, seizures, muscle fasciculations…
Published	06/22/2023	The plant Strychnine causes what and what is the treatment for Strychnine poisining? • Inhibits {{c1::glycine binding}} in the spinal cord • “{{c…
Published	06/22/2023	What are the effects of Cardiac Glycosides and what is the treatment for them?  • {{c1::Inhibit}} sodium-potassium ATPase pumps – hyperkalemia…
Published	06/22/2023	What is this below? {{c1::Red Squill}}
Published	06/22/2023	What is this? {{c1::Oleander}}
Published	06/22/2023	What is this? {{c1::Lily of the Valley (a Cardiac Glycoside)}}
Published	06/22/2023	What is this? {{c1::Foxglove}}
Published	06/22/2023	Which plants are considered Cardiac Glycosides?{{c1::- Red Squill- Oleander - Lily of the Valley - Foxglove }}
Published	06/22/2023	What is Mad Honey Disease? It is produced by the {{c1::Rhododendron}} Species which contain {{c1::grayanotoxins}}
Published	06/22/2023	Grayantoxins are related to Mad Honey Disease. What is their mechanism and treatment?  • Prolong neuronal {{c1::sodium channel opening}} • Pa…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Monkshood aka Wolfs Bane?It produces the toxin {{c1::Aconitine}}The toxin it produces has these effects:  • Potentiates neuronal and c…
Published	06/22/2023	What are the affects of MAYAPPLE & AUTUMN CROCUS?  • Podophyllin, Colchicine{{c1::Microtubule}} inhibitors Early and prolonged {{c1::GI sy…
Published	06/22/2023	WHat does the Cyanide that Cyanogenic plants make do? • Cyanide blocks {{c1::mitochondrial electron transport chain}} • Cellular dysfunction, high …
Published	06/22/2023	What is Amygdalin? • Found in pits of {{c1::peaches, apricots, plums,}} etc. and bitter almonds •  Converted to {{c1::cyanide}} in the s…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Linamarin?It is found in {{c1::cassava root}}. It can cause {{c1::neuropathy}} if cassava isnt put in water to leach out the toxin
Published	06/22/2023	What is the rule of thumb for mushroom toxicity?  • Early GI symptoms (before 6 hours) = {{c1::no serious toxicity}} • Delayed GI symptoms (a…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Gyromitra? - Late GI effects Gyromitrin:  • Blocks conversion of {{c1::glutamate to GABA by stopping the activation of pyrid…
Published	06/22/2023	What is AMANITA PHALLOIDES, BISPORIGERA, VERA, ETC? • AKA “Death Cap” , “Death Angel” , “Destroying Angel”• {{c1::95%}} of all mushroom-related dea…
Published	06/22/2023	WHat are the effects of Amatoxins/Amantins? • {{c1::Inhibits}} RNS polymerase II, protein synthesis • {{c1::Severe}} hepatic necrosis and liver fa…
Published	06/22/2023	What is associated with the definition below? {{c1::AMINATA SMITHIANA}} MUSHROOM FAMILYIt is found in the Pacific NW Mistaken for matsutake …
Published	06/22/2023	What is associated with the AMINATA MUSCARIA? (Alice in Wonderland Type mushrooms)  1. {{c1::Ibotenic Acid}}       • Gluta…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Coprinus? • AKA “Inky Cap” • Early {{c1::GI effects}} Coprine Metabolite blocks {{c1::aldehyde dehydrogenase}} {{c1::Disulf…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Psyilocybe? AKA {{c1::“Magic Mushrooms”}} • Used in rituals and ceremonies in some cultures • Early GI symptoms {{c1::Psilocybin}} • Agon…
Published	06/22/2023	What are Clitocybes & Inocybes? • Unremarkable appearing mushrooms • Exception to the early GI symptoms rule Muscarine • Mimics {{c1::acetylc…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Tricholoma Equestre? AKA “Man on Horseback”, “Yellow Knight” Poisonings in Europe only, possibly different speciesOnly after {{c1::3 o…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Cortinarius? • AKA “Lethal Webcaps”: “Fool’s Webcap”, “Deadly Webcap” Orellanine Cause redox reactions leading to {{c1::cellular injury…
Published	06/22/2023	With Mushrooms Early GI symptoms are unlikely to be catastrophic except with : {{c1::Amanita smithiana, Clitocybe/Inocybe}}
Published	06/22/2023	What are important facts about Clinical presentation of Sting Rays?Clinical presentation:Pain out of proportion to visible injury.Wound can become {{c…
Published	06/22/2023	What are ways to MANAGE infection by Stingrays?Management:•X-ray•Cleanse, debride wound•Removal of {{c1::venom apparatus}}•Tetanus, prophylactic {{c1:…
Published	06/22/2023	What are considered Scorpaenidae?- {{c1::LionFish }} - least toxic- {{c1::ScorpionFish }}- {{c1::StoneFish}} - most toxic
Published	06/22/2023	What symptoms do the Lionfish cause?{{c1::Pain, swelling and anaphylaxis}}Chest pain, abdominal pain, weakness, syncope, hypotension Antidotes:{{…
Published	06/22/2023	What symptoms do the Stonefish cause?The Stonefish is the worlds most venomous fish It causes {{c1::Catecholamine Release}} and severe pain, eryt…
Published	06/22/2023	What family do Sea Snakes belong to and what are the symptoms and treatment?Family and Characteristics: {{c1::Hydrophiidae}} & {{c1::front-fixed}}…
Published	06/22/2023	What family do CNIDARIA belong to and what are the symptoms and treatment?Family and Characteristics: {{c1::Phylum Cnidaria}} Types: True jellyfi…
Published	06/22/2023	What are symptoms and treatments for the Portuguese Man of War jellyfish?The region this Jellyfish is most common is the {{c1::US}}Symtpoms: Excruciat…
Published	06/22/2023	What are symptoms and treatments for the Box jellyfish?Symtpoms: Can cause {{c1::severe pain}} and arrhythmias, respiratory failure and shock. This is…
Published	06/22/2023	What are the symptoms and treatment for IRUKANDJI JELLYFISH?Symptoms: {{c1::Cardiac / Pulmonary effects  due to Catecholamine surge}}Treatment: {…
Published	06/22/2023	For treating Jellyfish, hot water should be used as an antidote for all but {{c1::Physalia}}. Most other jellyfish, including Physalia should recieve …
Published	06/22/2023	What is the significance of Cone Snails?Symtpoms: Local {{c1::pain}}, burning, paresthesias, numbness, can rarely progress to paralysis Antidote:…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the significance, symtpoms and antidote for the Blue Ringed Octopus? Contains {{c1::tetrodotoxin (same toxin in pufferfish, porcupine fis…
Published	06/22/2023	What is this?{{c1::A cone snail}}
Published	06/22/2023	What is this?A {{c1::blue-ringed octopus}}
Published	06/22/2023	What do puffer fish produce? {{c1::Tetrodotoxin}} which is a neurotoxin. It is a heat-stable toxin which inhibits sodium-channels and acts on smo…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Ciguatera poisining? It is the most frequently reported seafood illness worldwide. Accumulated {{c1::ciguatoxins}} produced by microscopi…
Published	06/22/2023	What are symtpoms of Ciguatera and what are its treatments?Symptoms:Odorless, {{c1::colorless, tasteless}}{{c1::Heat and acid}}-stable: Cannot be deac…
Published	06/22/2023	WHat does scromboid come from, what are its symptoms and how do we treat it?We get scromboid from {{c1::improper storage}} of dark-meat fish We g…
Published	06/22/2023	What produces toxins accumulated in shellfish?{{c1::Dinoflagellates}}
Published	06/22/2023	What is Paralytic Shellfish Poisining?Ingestion of shellfish contaminated with toxic algae which produce {{c1::saxitoxin}}{{c1::Saxitoxin}} blocks vol…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisining?Ingestion of shellfish contaminated with  {{c1::brevetoxins}}Mechanims:Induces {{c1::sodium ion}} influx r…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Amnestic Shellfish Poisining?Toxin Associated: {{c1::Domoic Acid}}Symptoms: Onset within minutes to hours. {{c1::GI symptoms. nausea, vomiting…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisining?Toxin Associated: {{c1::Okadoic Acid}}Symptoms:  Begins within minutes to (30mins - 15 hours. {{c1:: Abdom…
Published	06/22/2023	What is this snake called
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