Notes in 1. RS 1&2

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Published	02/10/2024	There are two thoracic apertures in the thoracic cavity:[1] {{c1::Superior thoracic aperture/anatomical thoracic inlet}}[2] {{c1::Inferior thorac…
Published	02/10/2024	The superior thoracic aperture is bounded:{{c1::posteriorly}} by the T1 vertebra{{c1::laterally}} by the first pair of ribs and their costal cartilage…
Published	02/10/2024	The inferior thoracic aperture is bounded:{{c1::posteriorly}} by the T12 vertebra.{{c1::posterolaterally}} by the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs.{{c1::an…
Published	02/10/2024	c988dfba95d24932ad503a06a63675c4-ao-1
Published	02/10/2024	c988dfba95d24932ad503a06a63675c4-ao-2
Published	02/10/2024	c988dfba95d24932ad503a06a63675c4-ao-3
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::sternal angle (also known as the angle of Louis or manubriosternal joint}} is a clinical landmark located opposite the s…
Published	02/10/2024	The 1st Rib consists of only a single {{c1::articular facet}}, for articulation with the body of T1.
Published	02/10/2024	The anterior and posterior grooves of the 1st rib are separated by the {{c1::scalene tubercle}}, for the attachment of the anterior scalene muscle.
Published	02/10/2024	The anterior groove of the 1st rib lodges the {{c1::subclavian vein}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The posterior groove of the 1st rib lodges the {{c1::subclavian artery}} and the lowest trunk of the {{c1::brachial plexus}}
Published	02/10/2024	The Xiphoid process is situated at the {{c1::T10}} vertebral level.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Diaphragm}} closes the inferior thoracic aperture, separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Published	02/10/2024	True ribs: {{c1::1st-7th}} ribs - (directly connected to the sternum) False rib: {{c1::8th-10th}} ribs  - (indirectly connected to ster…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::3rd to 9th}} ribs are typical ribs which have common structures:Head of rib, neck of rib, tubercle of rib, and body of rib which has a conca…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::first rib}} completely articulates with T1 rather than two vertebrae, because T1's vertebral body has a f…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::head}} of the rib articulates with the body of the thoracic vertebra of the same number as well as the body of the vertebra above (i.e.…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::tubercle}} of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra of the same number at the {{c1::costotransverse}} joi…
Published	02/10/2024	Movements of the thoracic cage and diaphragm during inspiration {{c1::increase}} the intrathoracic diameters and volume of the thorax and {{c1::decrea…
Published	02/10/2024	During passive expiration, the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, other muscles relax, {{c1::decreasing}} intrathoracic volume and {{c1::increasing}} int…
Published	02/10/2024	Contraction of intercostal muscles:[1] Pump handle/pendulum movement → increase {{c1::anteroposterior}} diameter of thoracic cage[2] Bucket handle → i…
Published	02/10/2024	Typical intercostal spaces contain three layers of intercostal muscles:The superficial layer is formed by the {{c1::external intercostal}} muscle…
Published	02/10/2024	Neurovascular bundle (intercostal vein, artery, nerve - superior to inferior) - VANlies between the {{c1::internal}} and {{c1::innermost}} intercostal…
Published	02/10/2024	The innermost intercostal muscles are found only at the most {{c1::lateral}} parts of the inter costal spaces.
Published	02/10/2024	What are the arteries supplying the thoracic wall?[1] {{c1::posterior intercostal arteries}} - (branch of mainly descending thoracic aorta) [2] {…
Published	02/10/2024	What are the sites of venous drainage in the thoracic wall?[1] {{c1::Azygos}}[2] {{c1::Hemiazygos}} venous system [3] {{c1::Internal thoracic}} v…
Published	02/10/2024	Describe the lymphatic drainage of the thoracic wall.Left side of chest wall drains to {{c1::thoracic duct}} → left subclavian veinRight sid…
Published	02/10/2024	The thoracic segments of the spinal cord supply {{c1::12 pairs}} of thoracic spinal nerves to the thoracic wallEach spinal nerve supplies a strip like…
Published	02/10/2024	The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the thoracic walls and has three compartments: [1] Two completed separate lateral compartments—the {{c1::pulmo…
Published	02/10/2024	Peripheral attachments of the diaphragm:•      {{c1::Lumbar}} vertebrae and {{c1::arcuate}} ligaments. •   &nb…
Published	02/10/2024	Central attachment of the diaphragm:{{c1::Central tendon}}
Published	02/10/2024	The parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae are tendinous in structure, and are known as the {{c1::right and left crura}}
Published	02/10/2024	•      Right crus – Arises from {{c1::L1-L3}} vertebrae.  Some fibres from the right crus surround the oesophageal openi…
Published	02/10/2024	The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration. During inspiration, it contracts and {{c1::descends (domes flatten)}}, increasing t…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::caval opening - T8}} passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. It transmits the {{c2::inferior vena cava}} & the {{c…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::oesophageal hiatus - T10}} is located through the muscular sling of the right crus. It transmits the {{c2::oesophagus}} and both {…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::aortic hiatus - T12}} is between the left and right crus. • It transmits the {{c2::aorta}}, the {{c2::azygos}} vein, the {{c2::hem…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::phrenic nerve}} is a mixed motor/sensory nerve which originates from the C3-C5 spinal nerves in the neck. Motor functions: innervates d…
Published	02/10/2024	The peripheral portions of the diaphragm are innervated by sensory fibres of intercostal nerves, {{c1::T7-T12}} levels of vertebrae.
Published	02/10/2024	What happens in case of one sided injury to phrenic nerves?{{c1::Paralysis}} of half of the diaphragm may occur. In that case, instead of descend…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::upper respiratory tract}} is the upper part of the respiratory system that includes nose, pharynx and larynx. The {{c1::lower respirato…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::pulmonary alveoli}} is the basic structural unit of gas exchange in the lung.
Published	02/10/2024	Trachea starts at the lower part of the larynx and bifurcate at the level of {{c1::sternal angle (lower border of T4 vertebrae)}} to give rise to 2 ma…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::tracheobronchial tree}} consists of a conducting and a respiratory portion.1. Conducting portion consist of trachea, main bro…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::right lung}} is separated into three lobes, made by two fissures.- Superior, Middle, Inferior lobes- Oblique, Horizontal fissures.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::left lung}} is separated into two lobes, made by one fissure.- Superior, Inferior lobes- Oblique fissure.
Published	02/10/2024	Each lung contains three surfaces and three borders:- {{c1::Costal, Mediastinal, Diaphragmatic}} surfaces.- {{c1::Anterior, Posterior, Inferior}} bord…
Published	02/10/2024	•      {{c1::Lung hilum}} is an area located on medial/mediastinal surface of lung. •      {{c1::Lung root}} i…
Published	02/10/2024	Major structures relating to the left lung (mediastinal surface).
Published	02/10/2024	Major structures relating to the right lung (mediastinal surface).
Published	02/10/2024	There are {{c1::10}} bronchopulmonary segments in each lung.
Published	02/10/2024	What is the clinical significance of bronchopulmonary segments?
Published	02/10/2024	The arteries supplying blood to the lungs:• Bronchial arteries: {{c1::thoracic aorta}} (2 on the left), {{c1::posterior intercostal artery}} (1 o…
Published	02/10/2024	The veins taking blood from the lungs:• Bronchial veins: {{c1::azygous}} and {{c1::accessory hemizygous}} system
Published	02/10/2024	The lymphatic drainage of the lungs: {{c1::Pulmonary}} LN, {{c1::Bronchopulmonary}} LN, {{c1::tracheobronchial}} LN, {{c1::broncho-mediastin…
Published	02/10/2024	The nerve supply to the lungs - pulmonary plexus•      Parasympathetic: {{c1::vagus}} nerve (motor to bronchial muscle -…
Published	02/10/2024	The lungs and interior of the thorax are covered by pleural membranes. Two layers: {{c1::Visceral}} and {{c1::parietal}} layers.
Published	02/10/2024	The parietal pleura has four parts:{{c1::cervical}}, {{c1::costal}}, {{c1::mediastinal}}, {{c1::diaphragmatic}}
Published	02/10/2024	Nerve supply to the pleura• Parietal pleura: Somatic nerve → {{c1::Intercostal}} nerves & {{c1::phrenic}} nerves (pain sensitive). •&nbs…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Pleural reflection}} is the place at which parietal pleura changes its direction of travel. {{c1::Pleural recess}} is the increased space betwee…
Published	02/10/2024	Describe the inferior margin of lung:Midclavicular line – Rib {{c1::6}} Midaxillary line – Rib {{c1::8}} Paravertebral line– Rib {{c1::10}}
Published	02/10/2024	Describe the inferior margin of parietal pleura:Midclavicular line – Rib {{c1::8}}Midaxillary line – Rib {{c1::10}}Paravertebral line –…
Published	02/10/2024	The horizontal fissure of the right lung follows the line of the {{c1::4th}} rib anteriorly
Published	02/10/2024	The Oblique fissures of both lungs begin at spine {{c1::T2/T3}} and follows the line of the {{c1::6th}} rib anteriorly
Published	02/10/2024	Describe what happens to the lungs in Asthma
Published	02/10/2024	Describe what pneumothorax is and how it might occur.
Published	02/10/2024	What is Thoracocentesis?
Published	02/10/2024	Carina (termination of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi) is usually located at {{c1::T4/T5}} vertebral level
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Left primary bronchus/Left main bronchus}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Right primary bronchus/Right main bronchus}}
Published	02/10/2024	Type of joint?{{c1::Synovial hinge joint}}
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