Notes in 04 Degenerative spine

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Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineThe major anatomic units involved in Lumbar Spine Degeneration are:Anteriorly → {{c1::disc-endplate complexes}} Poste…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSymptoms of Lumbar Spine Degeneration may be due to neural {{c1::compression}} (radicular pain) or localized {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineNeural compression may occur at the {{c1::spinal canal}}, {{c2::lateral recess}}, or {{c3::neural foramen}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineAxial back pain may arise from the {{c1::disc-endplate complex}} or {{c2::facets}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Intervertebral discs}} and {{c1::vertebral body endplates}} function together as a load-bearing unit, allowing …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineThe normal intervertebral disc is composed of a central, gelatinous {{c1::nucleus pulposus}} and a fibrous, periphera…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineThe vertebral body endplate is comprised of a thin layer of {{c1::hyaline cartilage}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineVertebral body endplates are supplied by branches of the {{c1::segmental lumbar}} arteries
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDo the branches of the segmental lumbar arteries supply the intervertebral disc in adults?{{c1::No}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineThe intervertebral disc receives nutrients via {{c1::diffusion}} of nutrients across the {{c2::vertebral body endplat…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineWhich part of the disc-endplate complex is most susceptible to axial loading and fracture?{{c1::vertebral body endpla…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineProgressive degenerative changes of disc-endplate complexs are due to chronic {{c1::tensile}} stress o…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Discovertebral degeneration}} may include a spectrum of morphologic changes including: disc → dessication, fibr…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDisc {{c1::herniation::herniation/bulge}} is a focal displacement of intervertebral disc material
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDisc herniation occurs when the {{c1::nucleus pulposus}} and/or {{c1::annulus fibrosus}} (disc substance) e…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDisc {{c2::herniation::herniation/bulge}} should encompass {{c1::<90}}° of the disc circumference
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDisc herniation can be classified as either {{c1::protrusion}} or {{c1::extrusion}}, dependent on the {{c2::neck…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineClassification of Disc herniation: {{c2::Protrusion::protrusion/extrusion}} has a neck {{c1::wider::wider/narrow…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineClassification of Disc herniation: {{c2::Extrusion::protrusion/extrusion}} has a neck {{c1::narrower::wider/narr…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDisc {{c1::bulge::herniation/bulge}} is a diffuse/broad-based displacement of intervertebral disc…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDisc {{c2::bulge::herniation/bulge}} should encompass {{c1::>180}}° of the disc circumference
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDisc tissue extending beyond the limits of the disc space between 90-180° can be described as {{c1::asymmetric disc b…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDisc herniations may extend through the a gap in the {{c1::cartilagenous endplate}}, causing an {{c2::intravertebral}…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSeveral terms and variations describe the medial-lateral position of a herniation: {{c1::Central}}, {{c2::subarticula…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDisc herniations just lateral to midline (central) are termed right/left {{c1::central}} (pr…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineThe {{c1::subarticular}} zone (medial-lateral position) of the spine is located at the {{c2::lateral recess}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Lateral recess}} is the region of the traversing {{c2::dorsal/ventral nerve roots}}, as they separate from the …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineThe medial-lateral position of herniation determines which {{c1::nerve root}} will be affected
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineLesions in the {{c2::central}} or {{c2::subarticular}} medial-lateral positions may compress the {{c1::descendin…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineLesions in the {{c2::foraminal}} or {{c2::extra-foraminal}} medial-lateral positions may compress the {{c1::exit…
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Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDisc material may separate from its parent disc to become a {{c1::sequestered fragment}}, which may migrate inferiorl…
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Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn the thoracic and lumbar spine, each nerve root exits {{c1::below::above/below}} its corresponding vertebral body
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn the cervical spine, each nerve root exits {{c2::above::above/below}} its corresponding vertebral body
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineAt the cervicothoracic transition, the C8 nerve root exits {{c1::below::above/below}} the C7 vertebral body
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineAt the cervicothoracic transition, the T1 nerve root exits {{c2::below::above/below}} the T1&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Annular fissures}} are degenerative deficiencies of one or more layers of the annulus fibrosus of the inte…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineAnnular fissures show a linear {{c1::hyper}}-intense signal on T{{c1::2}}-weighted images in the annulus fibrosi…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineAnnular fissure on imaging is thought to correlate with {{c1::injury}} of the annulus fibrosis and may be a caus…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineThe etiology of annular fissure is thought to be {{c1::degenerative}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDegenerative changes in the spine are associated with signal changes in the {{c1::vertebral body endplate}} and {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSecondary vertebral body changes: Modic ChangesModic Type 1 → {{c1::edema::change}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSecondary vertebral body changes: Modic ChangesModic Type 2 → {{c1::fatty metaplasia::change}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSecondary vertebral body changes: Modic ChangesModic Type 3 → {{c1::fibrosis::change}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSecondary vertebral body changes: Modic ChangesModic Type {{c1::1}} changes show:T1-weighted → {{c2::hypo}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSecondary vertebral body changes: Modic ChangesModic type 1 is {{c1::more::more/less}} likely to present with active …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSecondary vertebral body changes: Modic ChangesModic Type {{c1::2}} changes show:T1-weighted → {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSecondary vertebral body changes: Modic ChangesModic Type {{c1::3}} changes show:T1-weighted → {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSecondary vertebral body changes: Modic ChangesWith Modic Type 3 changes, clinical significance is unclear,…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIntervertebral facet joints are {{c1::synovial}} joints that can undergo the same degenerative processes as larger sy…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineDegenerative changes of the facet joints are collectively termed {{c1::facet arthropathy}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineFacet {{c1::arthropathy}} may cause {{c2::spinal}}, {{c3::foraminal}}, or {{c4::lateral recess}} stenoses d…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineFacet {{c1::effusions}} secondary to facet arthropathy are associated with spinal {{c2::instability}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSpinal instability is evidenced by {{c1::motion}} on flexion-extension films
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineActive, symptomatic Facet arthropathy may show {{c1::reactive}} bone marrow or {{c1::edematous}} soft tissue
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineFacet arthropathy is associated with {{c1::synovial (ganglion)}} cysts
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Ligamentum flava::structures}} line the lamina at the {{c2::posterior::anterior/posterior}} aspect of the …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineLigamentum flavum {{c1::thickening::characteristic}} can contribute to spinal canal {{c2::stenosis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineLigamentum flavum thickening is {{c2::rarely::often/rarely}} seen in isolation
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineLigamentum flavum thickening is usually reactive to subjacent {{c1::facet arthropathy}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineYou should {{c1::read}} the overview of grading of degenerative spine in the textbook section
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSpinal stenosis may be asymptomatic, or may cause {{c1::radicular pain}} or {{c2::neurogenic claudication}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineConus medullaris most commonly terminates at the {{c1::L1/2}} intervertebral disc level in children and adults
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineTraversing nerve roots (from conus) course {{c1::inferolaterally::general direction}} towards the {{c2::lateral …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineThe degree of Spinal stenosis is best assessed on the {{c1::axial T2-weighted sequence::view + modality}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineNormally, nerve roots distal to the conus medullaris are freely distributed w…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineNormally, the {{c2::anterior::anterior/posterior}} margin of the thecal sac is {{c1::flat or conv…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineNormally, the {{c2::posterior (epidural fat)::anterior/posterior}} margin of the thecal sac is {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Mild::grade}} spinal stenosis is characterized by {{c2::slight::severity}} crowding of&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Mild::grade}} spinal stenosis is characterized by {{c2::abutment::characteristic}} of distinct n…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn {{c1::mild::grade}} spinal stenosis, the anterior margin of the thecal sac is {{c2::…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn {{c1::mild::grade}} and {{c1::moderate::grade}} spinal stenosis, the posterior (epidural fat) …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Moderate::grade}} spinal stenosis is characterized by {{c2::crowding}} of nerve roots in a …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn {{c1::moderate::grade}} spinal stenosis, traversing nerve roots become {{c2::less distinguishable::disti…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn {{c1::moderate::grade}} and {{c1::severe::grade}} spinal stenosis, the anterior margin of…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Severe::grade}} spinal stenosis is characterized by complete {{c2::effacement::characteristic}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineNormally, the traversing dorsal/ventral nerve roots (from conus) in the lateral recess are {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn {{c1::severe::grade}} spinal stenosis, the posterior (epidural fat) margin of the th…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Spinal StenosisWhat is the degree of Spinal stenosis in the image?{{c1::None :) (normal)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Spinal StenosisWhat is the degree of Spinal stenosis in the image?{{c1::Mild}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Spinal StenosisWhat is the degree of Spinal stenosis in the image?{{c1::Moderate}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Spinal StenosisWhat is the degree of Spinal stenosis in the image?{{c1::Severe}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Neural foramina}} are paired openings at each intervertebral spinal level through which the {{c2::spinal nerve …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineNeural foramina are located at the {{c1::lateral::relative location}} aspects of the vertebral canal
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineBoundaries of the {{c4::Neural foramina}}:anterior → {{c1::intervertebral disc-endplate complexes}}posterior → {{c2::…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c3::Neural foraminal}} stenosis is due to a combination of {{c1::discovertebral degeneration}} and {{c2::…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineNormally, the nerve exiting neural foramina should be completely surrounded by {{c1::epidural fat}} with a {{c2::keyh…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIt is {{c1::normal::normal/abnormal}} to have some effacement of epidural fat at the inferior margin of the keyh…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Mild::grade}} neural foraminal stenosis is characterized by contact of the nerve root on {{c2::2-3::#}} sides w…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Moderate::grade}} neural foraminal stenosis is characterized by contact of the nerve root on {{c2::3-4::#}} sid…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Severe::grade}} neural foraminal stenosis is characterized by {{c2::completely::partially/completely}} eff…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineThe degree of Neural foraminal stenosis is best assessed on the {{c1::sagittal T1-weighted sequence::view + modality}…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Neural Foraminal StenosisWhat is the degree of Neural foraminal stenosis in the i…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Neural Foraminal StenosisWhat is the degree of Neural foraminal stenosis in …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Neural Foraminal StenosisWhat is the degree of Neural foraminal stenosis in …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spine{{c1::Lateral recess}} is the lateral portion of the thecal sac where the traversing nerve roots course just before e…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineThe degree of Lateral recess stenosis is best assessed on {{c1::axial T2-weighted images::view + modality}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineLateral recess stenosis can be classified as {{c1::abutment}} or {{c1::compression}} of traversing nerve roots
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineT/F: within the lateral recess, there is normally no contact, crowding, or mass effect upon the traversing …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineLateral recess stenosis: Abutment vs. Compressioncontact of >1 traversing nerve roots, but no compression → {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Lateral recess stenosisWhat is the degree of Lateral recess stenosis in the image?{{c1::Abu…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Lateral recess stenosisWhat is the degree of Lateral recess stenosis in the image?{{c1::Com…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative Spineoptimal treatment of Spinal instability due to facet effusion → {{c2::decompression}} with {{c1::instr…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineSecondary signs of active facet arthropathy include {{c1::effusion}} and {{c2::edema (osseous and/or soft tissue)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineReactive osseous edema in the setting of active facet arthropathy typically extends into the {{c1::pedicles…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineActive facet arthropathy can be treated by interventional pain procedures including {{c1::intraarticular steroid inje…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineGrading of Facet arthropathy involves characterization of:- {{c1::osteophytes}}- {{c2::subchondral irregularity}}- {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn general, as facet arthropathy progresses (mild→→severe), there is an increase in osteophyte {{c1::size}} and subch…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn which grade(s) of Facet arthropathy do effusion and edema (periarticular and/or osseous) …
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn which grade(s) of Facet arthropathy do synovial cysts present?{{c1::moderate and severe grade}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineIn {{c1::severe::grade}} facet arthropathy, the bulky osteophytes exert a dorsal {{c2::mass effect}} on&nbs…
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Facet ArthropathyWhat is the degree of Facet arthropathy in the image?{{c1::Mild}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Facet ArthropathyWhat is the degree of Facet arthropathy in the image?{{c1::Moderate}}
Published	05/01/2023	Spine Imaging: Degenerative SpineCase: Facet ArthropathyWhat is the degree of Facet arthropathy in the image?{{c1::Severe}}
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