Notes in Breast

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Published	02/18/2024	a. Compare and contrast the incidence, macroscopic, microscopic and biological behaviour of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of no special type with: (4)…
Published	02/18/2024	Breast IDC NST - Incidence, macroscopic and microscopic features, biological behaviour
Published	02/18/2024	ILC of the breast - describe the incidence, macroscopic, microscopic, biological behavious
Published	02/18/2024	Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast - describe the incidence, macroscopic, microscopic and biological behaviour
Published	02/18/2024	With regards to breast cancer in patients with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome and Lynch Syndrome: (2)   i Describe the genetic mutation(s). &nbsp…
Published	02/18/2024	List the risk factors for triple negative breast cancer
Published	02/18/2024	List the factors that characterise the “basal cluster” in basal like breast cancer.
Published	02/18/2024	The TROG EXPERT breast cancer trial uses the PAM50 risk of recurrence score. Describe this tool and its clinical utility. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	A fit 62-year-old female undergoes a wide local excision and sentinel node biopsy for a left breast cancer. Pathology shows a 12mm grade 1 invasive ca…
Published	02/18/2024	What is the evidence for hypofractionation in early breast cancer?
Published	02/18/2024	What is the rationale for hypofractionation in breast cancer and why is it regarded as preferable to conventional fractionation?
Published	02/18/2024	Describe a suitable radiation therapy technique and dose fractionation schedule for early breast cancer (breast only)
Published	02/18/2024	In general, when treating internal mammary chain nodes (IMC) in node positive breast cancer; (3 marks)   i. Describe how you would delineate…
Published	02/18/2024	In general, when treating internal mammary chain nodes (IMC) in node positive breast cancer; (3 marks)  ii. Outline three different treatmen…
Published	02/18/2024	In general, when treating internal mammary chain nodes (IMC) in node positive breast cancer;iState your dose prescription and what target coverage you…
Published	02/18/2024	a. In general, what is the benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy in a patient who has undergone local excision of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)? Wha…
Published	02/18/2024	A 46 year old lady has breast conserving treatment for DCIS and a decision is made to offer her adjuvant radiation therapy. She has large, pendulous b…
Published	02/18/2024	Most women with DCIS do not require assessment of the axillary nodes, because DCIS is not invasive cancer and does not metastasize. However, two group…
Published	02/18/2024	In general, what are the treatment options for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS)? Include the rationale, indications and advantages and di…
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the risk factors for local recurrence in a patient with DCIS?
Published	02/18/2024	A 50 year old female has been diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. She is receiving adjuvant radiation therapy to her left breast and supraclavic…
Published	02/18/2024	Why are toxicity scoring systems used in clinical practice?
Published	02/18/2024	In general, what are the criteria for an ideal system of grading and reporting normal tissue complications?
Published	02/18/2024	Give an example a of a toxicity scoring system for radiation dermatitis and provide the clinical description for each grade. (3)
Published	02/18/2024	A 33 year old woman presents with an inflammatory carcinoma of the left breast with palpable axillary lymphadenopathy. The skin changes cross midline …
Published	02/18/2024	A 33 year old woman presents with an inflammatory carcinoma of the left breast with palpable axillary lymphadenopathy. The skin changes cross midline …
Published	02/18/2024	The patient is referred for adjuvant radiation therapy following mastectomy and axillary dissection. Surgical margins were clear and there were 6 out …
Published	02/18/2024	i What risk of ischaemic cardiac toxicity from radiation therapy (breast, comprehensive nodes) would you discuss with this patient? Justify your answe…
Published	02/18/2024	What is the prognosis and anticipated survival for inflammatory breast cancer with node involvement
Published	02/18/2024	A 60-year-old female undergoes a left mastectomy and axillary dissection for a 70mm grade 3 infiltrating ductal carcinoma, ER and PR negative and HER2…
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the patient and tumour prognostic factors in a patient newly diagnosed with breast cancer without distant metastases. (4)
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the basal like subtype of breast cancer. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the 21 gene recurrence score or (Oncotype Dx) and its clinical significance. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	A fit 35 year old woman presents with a painful swollen left breast. On examination, the left breast is oedematous with generalised erythema and a 5cm…
Published	02/18/2024	left breast inflammatory breast cancer triple negativeThe patient eventually undergoes mastectomy and axillary dissection. Histopathology demonstrates…
Published	02/18/2024	Twelve months after completion of therapy (mastectomy, comprehensive radiotherapy), the patient presents with subcutaneous nodules over the left chest…
Published	02/18/2024	A fit 65 year old woman undergoes a wide local excision and sentinel node biopsy for a right breast cancer. Pathology shows a 10 mm Grade 1 invasive c…
Published	02/18/2024	A fit 65 year old woman undergoes a wide local excision and sentinel node biopsy for a right breast cancer. Pathology shows a 10 mm Grade 1 invasive c…
Published	02/18/2024	Hypofractionated radiation therapy (HFRT) has become more commonly used in early breast cancer after wide local excision.  i What is the evi…
Published	02/18/2024	What factors would you consider before recommending HFRT in breast cancer?
Published	02/18/2024	An 85-year-old woman has a wide local excision for a right breast cancer. The pathology shows a 17 mm, grade 1 node negative ductal carcinoma with cle…
Published	02/18/2024	A 45 year old woman had a mastectomy and axillary dissection for a breast carcinoma. She then received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy.&nb…
Published	02/18/2024	Define gestational breast cancer (pregnancy associated breast cancer). (2)
Published	02/18/2024	In general, what are the principles of treatment of early breast cancer in pregnant women? (6)
Published	02/18/2024	In general, what would you tell a 28 week pregnant woman with early gestational breast cancer regarding the effect of her pregnancy on her prognosis, …
Published	02/18/2024	A 75 year old woman presents with a large fungating lesion in the left breast. There are fixed nodes in the left axilla on examination. Biopsies of th…
Published	02/18/2024	A 75 year old woman presents with a large fungating lesion in the left breast. There are fixed nodes in the left axilla on examination. Biopsies of th…
Published	02/18/2024	A 75 year old woman presents with a large fungating lesion in the left breast. There are fixed nodes in the left axilla on examination. Biopsies of th…
Published	02/18/2024	In Oestrogen Receptor positive Breast Cancer survivors, improvements in overall survival are dependent on long term administration of endocrine therap…
Published	02/18/2024	A 32 year old woman is 28 weeks pregnant. She is found to have a 3cm left breast mass, which on fine needle aspiration biopsy is an infiltrating ducta…
Published	02/18/2024	b. In general, what are the principles of systemic treatment of breast cancer in pregnant women? (2)
Published	02/18/2024	For breast cancer in general, what are the options for the further management of the axilla where one sentinel node is positive? Justify your ans…
Published	02/18/2024	Left breast cancer - 30 mm, grade 2, ER/PR positive and Her 2 positive with clear margins. One of the three 3 nodes contains a 5mm metastasis. &n…
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