Notes in Chapter_16:_Critical_Care

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/07/2024	The normal value for cardiac output (CO) is {{c1::4}} to {{c1::8}} L/min
Published	07/07/2024	The normal value for cardiac index (CI) is {{c1::2.5}} to {{c1::4}} L/min
Published	07/07/2024	The normal value for systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is {{c1::800}} to {{c1::1400}} dynes/second/cm-5
Published	07/07/2024	The normal value for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is {{c1::7}} to {{c1::15}} mmHg
Published	07/07/2024	The normal value for central venous pressure (CVP) is {{c1::5}} to {{c1::9}} mmHg
Published	07/07/2024	The normal value for pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) is {{c1::25}}/{{c1::10}} mmHg
Published	07/07/2024	The normal value for mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) is {{c1::70}} to {{c1::80}}%
Published	07/07/2024	Cardiac index (CI) can be calculated with the equation:{{c1::cardiac output (CO)}} / {{c1::body surface area (BSA)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The kidney receives {{c1::25}}% of the cardiac output
Published	07/07/2024	The brain receives {{c1::15}}% of the cardiac output
Published	07/07/2024	The heart receives {{c1::5}}% of the cardiac output
Published	07/07/2024	Cardiac preload can be measured by finding the {{c1::pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Cardiac afterload can be measured by finding the {{c1::systemic vascular resistance (SVR)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Cardiac output increases with heart rate, but plateaus due to decreased {{c1::diastolic filling time}}
Published	07/07/2024	The atrial kick accounts for {{c1::20}}% of left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV)
Published	07/07/2024	An automatic increase in contractility secondary to increased afterload is known as the {{c1::Anrep}} effect
Published	07/07/2024	An automatic increase in contractility secondary to increased heart rate is known as the {{c1::Bowditch}} effect
Published	07/07/2024	Arterial O2 content (CaO2) is calculated with the equation:{{c1::Hgb}} x {{c1::1.34}} x {{c1::O2 saturation}} + ({{c2::PO2}} x {{c2::0.003}}…
Published	07/07/2024	O2 delivery is calculated with the equation:{{c1::CO}} x {{c2::CaO2}} x 10
Published	07/07/2024	O2 consumption is calculated with the equation:{{c2::CO}} x ({{c1::CaO2}} - {{c1::CvO2}})
Published	07/07/2024	The normal O2 delivery-to-consumption ratio is {{c1::4}} to {{c1::1}}
Published	07/07/2024	The normal pressure of oxygen where 50% of O2 receptors are saturated (p50) is {{c1::27}} mmHg
Published	07/07/2024	Shunting of blood and decreased O2 extraction cause a(n) {{c1::increase}} in SvO2(increase or decrease)
Published	07/07/2024	Increased O2 extraction and decreased O2 delivery cause a(n) {{c1::decrease}} in SvO2(increase or decrease)
Published	07/07/2024	A Swan-Ganz catheter should be placed in zone {{c1::III}} of the lung to measure PCWP
Published	07/07/2024	Hemoptysis after flushing a Swan-Ganz catheter should be initially managed with {{c1::increasing PEEP}}
Published	07/07/2024	An absolute contraindication to Swan-Ganz catheter use is a(n) {{c1::right-sided mechanical valve}}
Published	07/07/2024	The approximate Swan-Ganz catheter distance to wedge from the right subclavian vein is {{c1::45}} cm
Published	07/07/2024	The approximate Swan-Ganz catheter distance to wedge from the right internal jugular vein is {{c1::50}} cm
Published	07/07/2024	The approximate Swan-Ganz catheter distance to wedge from the left subclavian vein is {{c1::55}} cm
Published	07/07/2024	The approximate Swan-Ganz catheter distance to wedge from the left internal jugular vein is {{c1::60}} cm
Published	07/07/2024	Can echocardiography measure pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Wedge pressure measurements should be taken at {{c1::end-expiration}}
Published	07/07/2024	The partial pressure of oxygen of blood in the left ventricle is {{c1::lower}} than in the pulmonary capillaries(higher or lower)
Published	07/07/2024	The normal alveolar-arterial gradient in a non-ventilated patient is {{c1::10}}-{{c1::15}} mmHg
Published	07/07/2024	Blood with the lowest venous saturation is blood from the {{c1::coronary sinus (30%)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Blood with the highest venous saturation is blood from the {{c1::renal veins (80%)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Inadequate tissue oxygenation is the most basic definition of {{c1::shock}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of adrenal insufficiency is {{c1::withdrawal of exogenous steroids}}
Published	07/07/2024	The medical treatment of adrenal insufficiency {{c1::dexamethasone}}
Published	07/07/2024	Cortisone and hydrocortisone have the {{c1::lowest}} relative steroid potency (lowest or highest)
Published	07/07/2024	Dexamethasone has the {{c1::highest}} relative steroid potency (lowest or highest)
Published	07/07/2024	Loss of sympathetic tone is characteristic of {{c1::neurogenic}} shock
Published	07/07/2024	Treatment for neurogenic shock is {{c1::volume resuscitation}} first and then {{c2::phenylephrine}}
Published	07/07/2024	The initial presentation of hemorrhagic shock is increased {{c1::diastolic pressure}}
Published	07/07/2024	Cardiogenic shock is treated with {{c2::dobutamine}} and {{c1::intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Cardiac tamponade causes hypotension due to decreased {{c1::ventricular filling}}
Published	07/07/2024	The early sepsis triad consists of {{c2::hyper}}-ventilation, confusion, and {{c1::hypo}}-tension
Published	07/07/2024	Early gram-negative sepsis has {{c1::decreased}} insulin
Published	07/07/2024	Late gram-negative sepsis has {{c1::increased}} insulin
Published	07/07/2024	Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in hypovolemia in the {{c1::rapid}} neurohormonal response(rapid or sustained)
Published	07/07/2024	Renin, ADH, and ACTH are released in hypovolemia in the {{c1::sustained}} neurohormonal response(rapid or sustained)
Published	07/07/2024	Petechia, hypoxia, and confusion are characteristic of {{c1::fat}} emboli
Published	07/07/2024	Intubated patients with pulmonary emboli can present with {{c1::hypo}}-tension and {{c2::decreased::increased or decreased}} ETCO2
Published	07/07/2024	The most common EKG finding in pulmonary embolism is {{c1::tachycardia}}
Published	07/07/2024	Most pulmonary embolisms arise from the {{c1::iliofemoral}} region
Published	07/07/2024	Central lines or pulmonary artery catheters can be used to aspirate {{c1::air}} emboli out of the right heart
Published	07/07/2024	Intra-aortic balloon pumps inflate during {{c1::dia}}-stole
Published	07/07/2024	Intra-aortic balloon pumps deflate during {{c1::sys}}-stole
Published	07/07/2024	Intra-aortic balloon pumps inflate on the {{c1::T}} wave
Published	07/07/2024	Intra-aortic balloon pumps deflate on the {{c1::P}} wave
Published	07/07/2024	Intra-aortic balloon pumps can be used for {{c1::cardiogenic}} shock
Published	07/07/2024	Intra-aortic balloon pumps can be used in patients with refractory {{c1::angina}} awaiting revascularization
Published	07/07/2024	Intra-aortic balloon pumps {{c1::decrease}} afterload (increase or decrease)
Published	07/07/2024	Intra-aortic balloon pumps {{c1::increase}} diastolic blood pressure(increase or decrease)
Published	07/07/2024	Receptors free card{{c1:::)}}You should know this already from med school
Published	07/07/2024	Dopamine at 2-5 micrograms/kg/min mainly acts as a(n) {{c1::dopamine}} receptor agonist
Published	07/07/2024	Dopamine at 6-10 micrograms/kg/min mainly acts as a(n) {{c1::beta-adrenergic}} receptor agonist
Published	07/07/2024	Dopamine at >10 micrograms/kg/min mainly acts as a(n) {{c1::alpha-adrenergic}} receptor agonist
Published	07/07/2024	Dobutamine acts as a(n) {{c1::beta-1}} receptor agonist
Published	07/07/2024	Milrinone acts as an inhibitor of {{c1::phosphodiesterase}}
Published	07/07/2024	Phenylephrine acts as a(n) {{c1::alpha-1}} receptor agonist
Published	07/07/2024	Norepinephrine acts as a(n) {{c1::alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-1}} receptor agonist
Published	07/07/2024	Epinephrine at a low dose acts as a(n) {{c1::beta-1 and beta-2}} receptor agonist
Published	07/07/2024	Epinephrine at a high dose acts as a(n) {{c1::alpha-1 and alpha-2}} receptor agonist
Published	07/07/2024	Isoproterenol acts as a(n) {{c1::beta-1 and beta-2}} receptor agonist
Published	07/07/2024	Vasopressin causes arterial vasoconstriction when it acts on {{c1::V1}} receptors
Published	07/07/2024	Vasopressin causes water resorption at the collecting ducts when it acts on {{c1::intrarenal V2}} receptors
Published	07/07/2024	Vasopressin causes release of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor when it acts on {{c1::extrarenal V2}} receptors
Published	07/07/2024	Cyanide toxicity with sodium nitroprusside use can be monitored by measuring {{c1::thiocyanate}} levels
Published	07/07/2024	Nitroglycerin predominantly works by reducing {{c1::pre}}-load
Published	07/07/2024	Change in lung volume divided by change in lung pressure is the equation for lung {{c1::compliance}}
Published	07/07/2024	FEV1 and vital capacity tend to {{c1::decrease}} with aging(increase or decrease)
Published	07/07/2024	Functional residual capacity (FRC) tends to {{c1::increase}} with aging(increase or decrease)
Published	07/07/2024	The ventilation to perfusion ratio is highest in the {{c1::upper}} lobes of the lung(upper or lower)
Published	07/07/2024	The ventilation to perfusion ratio is lowest in the {{c1::lower}} lobes of the lung(upper or lower)
Published	07/07/2024	Increasing PEEP on the ventilator tends to {{c1::increase}} function residual capacity (FRC)(increase or decrease)
Published	07/07/2024	Increasing rate or tidal volume on the ventilator tends to {{c1::decrease}} CO2(increase or decrease)
Published	07/07/2024	To wean off the ventilator, FiO2 should be < {{c1::40}}%
Published	07/07/2024	To wean off the ventilator, PEEP should be {{c1::5}}
Published	07/07/2024	To wean off the ventilator, respiratory rate should be < {{c1::24}} per min
Published	07/07/2024	To wean off the ventilator, heart rate should be < {{c1::120}} beats per min
Published	07/07/2024	To wean off the ventilator, PO2 should be > {{c1::60}} mmHg
Published	07/07/2024	To wean off the ventilator, PCO2 should be < {{c1::50}} mmHg
Published	07/07/2024	To wean off the ventilator, O2 saturation should be > {{c1::93}}%
Published	07/07/2024	A ventilation setting that decreases the the work of breathing by providing constant inspiratory pressure is {{c1::pressure}} support
Published	07/07/2024	FiO2 should be kept below {{c1::60}}% to prevent O2 radical toxicity to the lungs
Published	07/07/2024	Excessive PEEP can cause decreased cardiac output mainly due to decreased {{c1::right atrial filling}}
Published	07/07/2024	High-frequency ventilation is used more commonly in {{c1::pediatrics}}(pediatrics or adults)
Published	07/07/2024	Free card {{c1:::)}}All of this information should be review. Not gonna make any cards over it, but if you think you need to you can. I will just leav…
Published	07/07/2024	Parts of lung that are ventilated but not perfused are called {{c1::dead space}}
Published	07/07/2024	Parts of lung that are perfused but not ventilated are called {{c1::shunt}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of increased dead space is {{c1::excessive PEEP}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of increased shunt is {{c1::atelectasis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Increased dead space tends to lead to {{c1::hypercapnia}}(hypoxia or hypercapnia)
Published	07/07/2024	Increased shunting tends to lead to {{c1::hypoxia}}(hypoxia or hypercapnia)
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of ARDS is {{c1::pneumonia}}
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment of ARDS involves decreasing barotrauma by allowing permissive {{c1::hypercapnia}}
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment of ARDS involves using {{c1::lower}} tidal volumes(higher or lower)
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment of ARDS involves {{c1::increasing}} the inspiratory time(increasing or decreasing)
Published	07/07/2024	The diagnostic criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) involves {{c1::acute}} onset
Published	07/07/2024	The diagnostic criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) involves {{c1::bilateral}} pulmonary in…
Published	07/07/2024	The diagnostic criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) involves PaO2 / FiO2 of < …
Published	07/07/2024	The diagnostic criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) involves absence of {{c1::heart failure}}
Published	07/07/2024	Chemical pneumonitis from aspiration of gastric secretions is known as {{c1::Mendelson's}} syndrome
Published	07/07/2024	The most frequent site of aspiration pneumonia is the {{c1::superior}} segment of the right {{c2::lower}} lobe
Published	07/07/2024	Post-operatively, atelectasis is usually caused by poor {{c1::inspiration}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of fever in the first 48 hours after operation is {{c1::atelectasis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of pulmonary vasoconstriction is {{c1::hypoxia}}
Published	07/07/2024	Alkalosis causes pulmonary vaso-{{c1::dilation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Acidosis causes pulmonary vaso-{{c1::constriction}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of poor urine output early post-op is {{c1::hypovolemia}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of post-operative renal failure is intra-operative {{c1::hypotension}}
Published	07/07/2024	The best test for azotemia is {{c1::fractional excretion of sodium (FENa)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The 1st step in management for oliguria is to make sure the patient is {{c1::volume loaded}}
Published	07/07/2024	The 2nd step in management for oliguria is a trial of {{c1::furosemide}}
Published	07/07/2024	The 3rd step in management for oliguria is {{c1::dialysis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment of pre-renal oliguria is {{c1::fluids}}
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment of intra-renal oliguria is {{c1::diuretic trial}}
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment of post-renal oliguria is {{c1::relieve the obstruction}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hemo-{{c1::dialysis}} tends to be faster and can cause large volume shifts
Published	07/07/2024	Hemo-{{c1::filtration}} tends to be slower and does not cause large volume shifts
Published	07/07/2024	Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and acts as a(n) {{c1::inhibitor}} of renin release
Published	07/07/2024	Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) acts as a vaso-{{c1::dilator}}
Published	07/07/2024	Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the {{c1::posterior}} pituitary when osmolality is high
Published	07/07/2024	NSAIDs cause renal damage by {{c1::inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Aminoglycosides, myoglobin, and contrast dyes all cause renal damage by {{c1::direct tubular injury}}
Published	07/07/2024	Renal injury from contrast dyes are treated with {{c1::pre-hydration}} before exposure
Published	07/07/2024	The most potent stimulus for SIRS is {{c1::endotoxin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Sepsis is defined as SIRS with a(n) {{c1::infection}}
Published	07/07/2024	Septic shock is defined as sepsis with {{c1::hypotension}}
Published	07/07/2024	Brain death cannot be diagnosed if the patient temperature is below {{c1::32}} degrees Celsius
Published	07/07/2024	Brain death cannot be diagnosed if the patient blood pressure is below {{c1::90}} mmHg
Published	07/07/2024	An EEG in brain death shows {{c1::electrical silence}}
Published	07/07/2024	An MRA in brain death shows {{c1::no blood flow to brain}}
Published	07/07/2024	A positive apnea test will show a CO2 level of greater than {{c1::60}} mmHg or an increase of {{c2::20}} mmHg
Published	07/07/2024	Can patients with brain death still have deep tendon reflexes?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with carbon monoxide poisoning can have a(n) {{c1::high}} O2 saturation on standard pulse oximeter
Published	07/07/2024	Carbon monoxide poisoning usually corrects when treated with {{c1::100% oxygen on ventilator}}
Published	07/07/2024	Methemoglobinemia tends to give an O2 saturation value of {{c1::85}}%
Published	07/07/2024	Cyanide toxicity tends to present as a {{c1::left}}-to-{{c1::right}} shunt
Published	07/07/2024	Critical illness polyneuropathy tends to present more as a {{c1::motor}} neuropathy(motor or sensory)
Published	07/07/2024	Xanthine oxidase in endothelial cells can form oxygen radicals, which is involved in {{c1::reperfusion injury}}
Published	07/07/2024	The initial treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is {{c1::normal saline}} and insulin
Published	07/07/2024	Alcohol withdrawal is treated with the vitamins {{c1::thiamine}}, {{c1::folate}}, and {{c1::B12}}
Published	07/07/2024	Alcohol withdrawal is treated with the electrolytes {{c1::magnesium}} and {{c1::potassium}}
Published	07/07/2024	Alcohol withdrawal is treated with PRN {{c1::lorazepam::drug}}
Published	07/07/2024	ICU psychosis general occurs after post operative day {{c1::3}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of delayed discharge after cardiac surgery is {{c1::atrial fibrillation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with suspected sepsis should recieve fluids at {{c1::30}} mL/kg over the first {{c1::3}} hours
Published	07/07/2024	Hypotensive skin graft patients should get {{c1::vasopressin::pressor}} before {{c1::norepinephrine::pressor}}
Published	07/07/2024	Aggressive fluid resuscitation before a sepsis diagnosis is confirmed is controversial because many patients end up being {{c1::fluid overloaded}} des…
Published	07/07/2024	A positive central line blood culture with a negative peripheral blood culture should be treated {{c1::as a contaminant}}
Published	07/07/2024	In suspected sepsis, early administration of {{c1::antibiotics::fluids or abx}} is {{c2::more::more or less}} important than early administration…
Published	07/07/2024	SIRS criteria - Temperature: {{c1::>100.4 or <96.8}} - Respiratory Rate: {{c2::>20}} - Heart Rate: {{c3::>90}} - WBC: …
Published	07/07/2024	Sepsis diagnosis is {{c2::2 SIRS criteria}} and {{c1::suspected or confirmed source of infection}}
Published	07/07/2024	Severe sepsis is {{c2::sepsis}} and {{c1::hypotension <90 sbp}}, {{c1::end organ damage}}, and {{c1::lactate &gt…
Published	07/07/2024	Septic shock is {{c1::severe sepsis}} with {{c2::hypotension}}, {{c2::end organ damage}}, and {{c2::lactate that doesn't respond to res…
Published	07/07/2024	The blood glucose target range for patients in the ICU is {{c1::140}}-{{c1::180}}
Published	07/07/2024	The qSOFA criteria is more {{c4::specific::specific or sensitive}} for sepsis and includes:1) {{c3::Altered mental status}}2) {{c2::BP <90}}3) {{c1…
Published	07/07/2024	In suspected sepsis, the lactate is measured within {{c1::1 hour::time frame}}; if it is >{{c3::2}}, it should be remeasured within {{c2::2}}-{{c2:…
Published	07/07/2024	Sepsis broad spectrum abx should include: - {{c4::Carbapenem}} - {{c3::Pip/tazo (Zosyn)}} - {{c2::Cefepime}} - {{c1::Vancomycin (i…
Published	07/07/2024	Sepsis hypotension that is not responsive to fluids with a MAP of <65 should be started on {{c1::norepinephrine (Levophed)}}, if still not res…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Vasopressin}} is added to levophed if the patient is receiving the maximum dose of levophed (>{{c1::1}}-{{c1::1.5}} mg/kg)
Published	07/07/2024	In septic and fluid-unresponsive patients, pressors should be added in the following order:1) Levophed2) {{c3::Vasopressin}}3) {{c2::Ep…
Published	07/07/2024	When titrating septic patients off of pressors (levophed and vasopressin), titrate {{c1::levophed}} first
Published	07/07/2024	The goal MAP with use of pressors is {{c2::65}} mmHg; the reason is higher goal MAPs (80-85) leads to a higher incidence of {{c1::A-fib}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Phenylephrine}} is typically reserved as a last-line pressor or in patients who are very sensitive to {{c1::tachyarrhythmias}} from other presso…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Epinephrine::pressor}} can cause a type {{c2::II}} {{c1::lactic acidosis::pH disturbance}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Vasopressin}} is typically added once {{c3::norepinephrine}} reaches {{c1::15}} mcg/min
Published	07/07/2024	Dopamine has double the risk of {{c1::tachyarrhythmias}} compared to norepineprhine
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Dopamine::pressor}} is reserved for patients in shock who are {{c1::bradycardic}}
Published	07/07/2024	When weaning patients off of pressors, oral {{c1::midodrine}} may be helpful
Published	07/07/2024	Are central lines required for pressors? {{c1::Preferred, but not required (don't delay giving pressors to get a central line)}}
Published	07/07/2024	When administering pressors, a central line should be placed if giving {{c1::vasopressin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Acute intra-abdominal inflammatory processes (e.g. free air) can present with a {{c2::sympathetic}} pleural effusion, which is {{c1::trans}}udative
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Large}} bowel obstruction because of the location and also the {{c1::semi-c}}ircumferential {{c1::haustra}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Small}} bowel obstruction because of the anatomic location and the {{c1::c}}ircumferential {{c1::valvulae}}
Published	07/07/2024	Endotracheal tubes should be {{c1::4}}-{{c1::5}} cm above the {{c2::carina}}
Published	07/07/2024	NG tube contraindications include {{c1::maxillofacial}} fracture
Published	07/07/2024	A malpositioned central line in the azygous vein is treated with {{c1::leaving it alone}}
Published	07/07/2024	On a lateral view chest x-ray, a malpositioned central line in the azygous vein will be seen migrating {{c1::pos}}teriorly
Published	07/07/2024	258432cf2ea3402eab3d3ad6bc2eeddf-ao-1
Published	07/07/2024	258432cf2ea3402eab3d3ad6bc2eeddf-ao-2
Published	07/07/2024	258432cf2ea3402eab3d3ad6bc2eeddf-ao-3
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Nasopharyngeal}} airway size can be approximated using the distance from the patient's {{c1::nose}} to their {{c1::ear-lobe}}
Published	07/07/2024	Stress steroids dosing for patients undergoing minor surgeries (e.g. hernia repair or biopsy) should receive {{c1::their usual morning dose (no supple…
Published	07/07/2024	Stress steroid dosing for patients undergoing moderate surgical stress procedures (e.g. revascularization or joint replacement) should receive: -…
Published	07/07/2024	Stress steroid drug of choice is {{c1::hydrocorti}}sone
Published	07/07/2024	Stress steroid dosing for patients undergoing major surgical stress (e.g. esophagectomy, total proctocolectomy, or heart surgery) should receive:…
Status	Last Update	Fields