Notes in 01 Endocrine

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/11/2024	Most abundant pituitary hormone{{c1::Growth Hormone}}
Published	09/11/2024	{{c1::Growth hormone::hormone}} may be co-secreted with {{c2::prolactin::hormone}} by Mammosomatotrophs present in some pituitary tumors
Published	09/11/2024	VR1. Glucose2. GH{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	Time of day where GH secretion is high {{c1::Night}}
Published	09/11/2024	Time of day where physiologic ACTH secretion is high{{c1::6:00 to 8:00 am}}
Published	09/11/2024	What is the most common pituitary tumor type?{{c1::Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma}}
Published	09/11/2024	What is/are the diagnostic work-ups for microadenoma?{{c1::Hormone Excess}}
Published	09/11/2024	What is/are the diagnostic work-ups for macroadenoma?{{c1::Hormone excessHormone deficiencyVisual field cuts}}
Published	09/11/2024	About 33% of prolactinoma may co-secrete {{c1::GH::hormone}}
Published	09/11/2024	PRL > {{c1::500}} mcg/L or ng/mL pathognomonic of macroprolactinoma
Published	09/11/2024	VR1. Oral contraceptives2. Prolactin {{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	Among the hormones released by pituitary gland, which one directly correlates its serum level to the size of the tumor ?{{c1::Prolactin}}
Published	09/11/2024	What is the purpose of serum dilution of prolactin serum during assays?{{c1::Prevent hook effect of having falsely low prolactin levels}}
Published	09/11/2024	Growth hormone excess diagnosis Screening test{{c1::Screening serum IGF-1}}Confirmatory test{{c2::GH suppression with 75 g OGTT}}
Published	09/11/2024	Nadir GH level of >{{c1::0.4}} ng/mL (or 1 ng/mL) on 75 g OGTT → confirms GH excess
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Majority of Cushing's syndrome 1. ACTH-dependent2. ACTH-independent{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	[QC] Onset Rapidity1. ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor 2. Ectopic ACTH secretion {{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Serum potassium1. ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor 2. Ectopic ACTH secretion {{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	Threshold level for plasma ACTH to confirm ACTH-indpendent Cushing's{{c1::< 5 pg/mL}}
Published	09/11/2024	Interpretation from random cortisol result of 2.3 mcg/dL {{c1::Confirmed Adrenal Insufficiency}}
Published	09/11/2024	Interpretation from random cortisol result of 3.1 nmol/L{{c1::Confirmed Adrenal Insufficiency}}
Published	09/11/2024	Interpretation from random cortisol result of 550 nmol/L{{c1::No Adrenal Insufficiency}}
Published	09/11/2024	Interpretation from random cortisol result of 20 mcg/dL{{c1::No Adrenal Insufficiency}}
Published	09/11/2024	In px with adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism, which two pharmacologic drugs should be give in order?{{c1::Hydrocortisone Levothyroxine}}
Published	09/11/2024	Diabetes insipidusExcretion of urine volume >{{c1::40 mL/kg}} body weight24-hour urine osmolality of <{{c2::280 mOsm/L}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. 1.2 pg/mL basal plasma AVP1. Central DI2. Nephrogenic DI{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	Water deprivation test of 450 mOsm/kg{{c1::Partial Central or Nephrogenic DI}}
Published	09/11/2024	Initial urine osmolarity of 200 mOsm/kg, desmopressin test shows 400 - what is diagnosis?{{c1::Complete central DI}}
Published	09/11/2024	Initial urine osmolarity of 200 mOsm/kg, desmopressin test shows 250 - what is diagnosis?{{c1::Complete nephrogenic DI}}
Published	09/11/2024	Therapy of choice for Diabetes Insipidus {{c1::Water}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Potency 1. T42. T3{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	Subclinical hyperthyroidism TSH level{{c1::Low::High or Low}}FT3 & FT4{{c1::Normal::High, Low, or Normal}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies1. Grave's disease2. Hashimoto's thyroiditis{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	{{c1::Levothyroxine sodium (TH analog)}} is the treatment of choice for the routine management of hypothyroidism
Published	09/11/2024	In px w/ subacute thyroiditis AKA De Quervain's thyroiditis...T3 {{c1::<::</=/>}} T4
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Ability to block peripheral conversion of T4 to T31. PTU2. Methimazole {{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Low half-life (divided dose)1. PTU2. Methimazole {{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	[VR]1. Subacute or De Quervain's Thyroiditis Recovery Phase2. RAI uptake{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	[VR]1. Subacute or De Quervain's Thyroiditis Acute Phase2. RAI uptake{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	Preferred method of thyroid tissue removal for Grave's disease{{c1::Near-total or Total Thyroidectomy}}
Published	09/11/2024	Pharmacologic method of reducing thyroid tissue in patients with thyrotoxicosis {{c1::Radioactive iodine131 treatment}}
Published	09/11/2024	[VR]1. RAI or TSH Suppression2. Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancer{{c1::C}}
Published	09/11/2024	T or FAntithyroid medication has NO role to treat subacute thyroiditis {{c1::True}}
Published	09/11/2024	Preferred treatment for toxic adenoma of thyroid {{c1::Radioactive iodine 131}}
Published	09/11/2024	Px must be on anti-thyroid drugs for at least {{c1::18-24}} months
Published	09/11/2024	At the apical membrane of follicular cells, {{c1::pendrin}} mediates iodide reflux into the lumen
Published	09/11/2024	Half-life of T4/T4 analogs?{{c1::7 days}}
Published	09/11/2024	In Graves Diseases, expect...T3 {{c1::>::</=/>}} T4; andThyrotoxicosis to last more than {{c1::6}} months
Published	09/11/2024	Before administering Radioactive Iodine 131 for a px w/ hyperthyroidism, prescribe a {{c1::low::low/high}} iodine diet before therapy
Published	09/11/2024	[QC] Risk of Thyroid Cancer1. Microcalcifications at Thyroid UTZ2. Macrocalcifications{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	[QC] Risk of Thyroid Cancer1. Hypoechoic at Thyroid UTZ2. Hyperechoic{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	[QC] Risk of Thyroid Cancer1. Nodule wider than it is taller at Thyroid UTZ2. Nodule taller than it is wide{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	[QC] Risk of Thyroid Cancer1. Nodule w/ central vascularization at Thyroid UTZ2. Nodule w/ peripheral vascularization{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	Do spongiform nodules on UTZ confer a risk of thyroid cancer?{{c1::Na::Y/N}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Developed first during fetal stage1. Adrenal medulla2. Adrenal cortex{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	At which year after birth does the zona reticularis become developed and active?{{c1::6-8 years old}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Predominant regulator of aldosterone secretion 1. HPA axis2. RAAS system {{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Neonate will look phenotypically female1. 17α-hydroxylase deficiency2. 21 hydroxylase deficiency{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Neonate will look phenotypically male1. 17α-hydroxylase deficiency2. 21 hydroxylase deficiency{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	Number one cause of mortality among patients with Cushing's syndrome{{c1::Depression and Psychosis}}
Published	09/11/2024	VR1. Cortisol serum2. TSH secretion{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	VR1. Cortisol serum2. GH secretion{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	Pathophysiology of Hypertensive state among patients with Cushing {{c1::Excess cortisol can bind to mineralocorticoid receptor in kidney and INC …
Published	09/11/2024	Steroid with most potent anti-inflammatory action{{c1::Dexamethasone}}
Published	09/11/2024	One of the most common and cheapest available steroid in market{{c1::Prednisone}}
Published	09/11/2024	Exogenous steroid that cannot be detected in urinary kit {{c1::Dexamethasone}}
Published	09/11/2024	Medicine that can increase cortisol binding globulin {{c1::Contraceptives (estrogen)}}
Published	09/11/2024	DOC for adrenal insufficiency {{c1::Hydrocortisone 15-25 mg daily PO}}
Published	09/11/2024	Monitor patients taking replacement medicine for adrenal insufficiency every {{c1::3}} months
Published	09/11/2024	Two clinical symptoms of adrenal insufficiency that are always present {{c1::WeaknessAnorexia}}
Published	09/11/2024	Clinical sign always present among patients with adrenal insufficiency {{c1::Weight loss}}
Published	09/11/2024	T or FRadiotherapy is effective for adrenal carcinoma{{c1::False}}
Published	09/11/2024	{{c1::Mitotane}} for tumor size reduction of adrenal incidentaloma
Published	09/11/2024	Hormones that are predominantly secreted in adrenal incidentaloma{{c1::Cortisol Pheochromocytoma}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Frequency1. Non-secreting adrenal incidentaloma2. Secreting adrenal incidentaloma{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	Two confirmation tests for adrenal secondary hypertension {{c1::Oral Sodium Loading Test (3 days)Intravenous Saline Infusion Test}}
Published	09/11/2024	IV saline infusion test with record of plasma aldosterone level 11 ng/dL, what is the interpretation?{{c1::With Aldosteronoma}}
Published	09/11/2024	T or FARBS or ACEi can be given to patients with hyperaldosteronism to effective control BP{{c1::False}}
Published	09/11/2024	Medication for hypertension management secondary to hyperaldosteronism {{c1::CCBSSpironolactone}}
Published	09/11/2024	T or FAll catecholamines that are produced in adrenal of PHEO patiens will directly be secreted in circulation {{c1::False}}
Published	09/11/2024	Ideal body position of patient with PHEO while collecting blood sample {{c1::Supine for 20-30 mins}}
Published	09/11/2024	VR1. Antidepressants2. NE serum {{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	Metanephrines will be positive if a tumor is larger than {{c1::0.6}} cm
Published	09/11/2024	To rule out false-positive results of PHEO/PLG, the {{c1::clonidine suppression}} test may be used with age-cutoffs
Published	09/11/2024	Hyperaldosteronism cut-off for ff. electrolytesSerum sodium {{c2::> 140 mEg/L}}Serum potassium {{c1::< 3.7 mEg/L}}
Published	09/11/2024	Ideal imaging test for adrenals{{c1::CT scan}}
Published	09/11/2024	Aldosterone to renin ratio cut-off score for possibility of hyperaldosteronism {{c1::> 20}}
Published	09/11/2024	Blood supply to both thyroid and parathyroid which might be interrupted during thyroidectomy {{c1::Inferior thyroid artery}}
Published	09/11/2024	Normal plasma level of intact PTH: {{c1::10-55 pg/mL}}
Published	09/11/2024	Half-life of PTH{{c1::Approximately 2 minutes}}
Published	09/11/2024	The {{c1::N}}-terminal of PTH is what confers biological activity
Published	09/11/2024	What differentiates PTHrP from PTH{{c1::PTHrP cannot activate renal 1-alpha-hydroxylase}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. PTH 1 receptor binding1. PTH2. PTHrP{{c1::C}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. PTH 2 receptor binding1. PTH2. PTHrP{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	Most important determinant of PTH secretion{{c1::Ionized calcium}}
Published	09/11/2024	VR1. CaSR activation 2. PTH secretion {{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	{{c2::Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia::genetic disease}} cause loss of function of {{c1::CaSR}} receptors
Published	09/11/2024	If you will check the Vitamin D level, what do you request?{{c1::25-hydroxyvitamin D}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Form of Vit D majority in circulation 1. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	Half-life of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D{{c1::2-3 weeks}}
Published	09/11/2024	Tumor marker in MEDULLARY thyroid cancer{{c1::Calcitonin}}
Published	09/11/2024	Most rare etiology of primary hyperparathyroidism {{c1::MEN 1MEN 2A}}
Published	09/11/2024	Specific bone region that is first to be affected in primary hyperparathyroidism{{c1::ForearmHip Spine}}
Published	09/11/2024	Imaging test for hyperparathyroidism to localize abnormal gland {{c1::Dual-Phase Technetium-99 Sestamibi Scan}}
Published	09/11/2024	Three specific lab tests requested to monitor asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism?{{c1::Serum CalciumSerum CreatinineBone Density}}
Published	09/11/2024	Indication for surgery in primary hyperparathyroidism Serum calcium level threshold {{c2::> 1 mg/dL}}Creatinine clearance threshold …
Published	09/11/2024	Peak age of FHH clinical manifestation {{c1::First decade of life}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. > 99% renal calcium reabsorption1. Primary hyperparathyroidism2. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia {{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	T or FSurgery is indicated for Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia{{c1::False}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. INC phosphate level1. Primary hyperparathyroidism 2. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism {{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	Most common cause of Severe Hypercalcemia{{c1::Dehydration}}
Published	09/11/2024	Medication for hyperparathyroidism monoclonal antibody against RANKL{{c1::Denosumab}}
Published	09/11/2024	Type of fluid give to dehydrated hypercalcemic patients{{c1::PNSS}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Subcapsular cataracts1. Acute hypocalcemia2. Chronic hypocalcemia{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Prolonged QT interval1. Acute hypocalcemia2. Chronic hypocalcemia{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Mutation in renal 1-alpha hydroxylase1. Vitamin D Rickets type 12. Vitamin D Rickets type 2{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Low 1,25(OH)2 D1. Vitamin D Rickets type 12. Vitamin D Rickets type 2{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Autosomal Recessive1. Vitamin D Rickets type 12. Vitamin D Rickets type 2{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Mutation in CaSR1. Vitamin D Rickets type 12. Vitamin D Rickets type 2{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. High 1,25(OH)2 D1. Vitamin D Rickets type 12. Vitamin D Rickets type 2{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	Widely available and least expensive calcium replacement {{c1::Calcium carbonate}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. INC absorption with gastric acidity 1. Calcium carbonate2. Calcium citrate{{c1::A}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Contraindicated in renal failure1. Calcium carbonate2. Calcium citrate{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	QC. Better absorbed for patients with malabsorption 1. Calcium carbonate2. Calcium citrate{{c1::B}}
Published	09/11/2024	T or FThe aim of therapy for patients with hypoparathyroid should be to maintain serum calcium in the NORMAL range{{c1::False}}
Status	Last Update	Fields