Notes in 01.1Gametogenesis&Fertilization

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Published	07/30/2024	Gametes are derived from {{c1::primordial germ cells (PGCs)::cell}}
Published	07/30/2024	2nd week: formation and movement to the yolk sac3rd week: arrive at yolk sac4th week: movement to the gonads5th week: arrive at gonads
Published	07/30/2024	What are the two processes required for gametogenesis?{{c1::MeiosisCytodifferentiation}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Linked genes}} - Genes on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
Published	07/30/2024	We have {{c1::46}} chromosomes{{c1::22}} homologous pairs is/are autosomes{{c1::1}} pair is/are sex chromosomes
Published	07/30/2024	A gamete contains {{c1::23}} chromosomes
Published	07/30/2024	PGCs are formed in the {{c1::epiblast}} during the {{c2::2nd}} week
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Synapsis}} - The alignment of homologous pairs in meiosis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Primary oocytes}} - Oogonia that arrest their cell division in {{c1::pro}}phase of meiosis {{c1::I}}
Published	07/30/2024	By the {{c1::5th}} month of prenatal development, the total number of germ cells in the ovary reaches its maximum, around {{c2::7 million}} and most b…
Published	07/30/2024	By the {{c1::7th}} month of prenatal development, only a few primordial follicles near the surface are left
Published	07/30/2024	When primary oocytes are arrested in prophase of meiosis I, they enter the {{c2::diplotene}} stage because of {{c1::oocyte maturation inhibition}} pro…
Published	07/30/2024	By the end of the {{c1::3rd}} month of prenatal development, oogonia undergo mitosis and are arranged in clusters surrounded by follicular cells
Published	07/30/2024	granulosa cells and the oocyte secrete a layer of glycoproteins on the surface of the oocyte, forming the {{c1::zona pellucida}}
Published	07/30/2024	The theca folliculi that surrounds the primary follicle divides into the secretory theca {{c1::interna}} and fibrous theca {{c1::externa}}
Published	07/30/2024	The theca folliculi come from {{c1::the surrounding ovarian connective tissue}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sex cords}} of the testis acquire a {{c2::lumen}} to become {{c3::seminiferous tubules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Are progeny of a single type A spermatogonium connected?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)}} binds to Sertoli cells to stimulate {{c2::testicular fluid production and synthesis of intracellular androg…
Published	07/30/2024	the time required for a spermatogonium to develop into a mature spermatozoon is approximately {{c1::74}} days
Published	07/30/2024	Viability of sperm lasts for no more than {{c1::48 hours}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal sperm count: {{c1::200 - 600 million}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal motility and morphology of sperm: {{c1::60}}%
Published	07/30/2024	The menstrual and ovarian cycle take up {{c1::22-30::range}} or {{c1::28}} days on average
Published	07/30/2024	When a follicle becomes atretic it forms a {{c1::corpus atreticum}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Proliferation of granulosa cells are mediated by {{c1::differentiation factor 9::TGF-\(\beta\)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Granulosa}} cells convert androgens from theca interna and turn them into {{c1::estrone and 17 \(\beta\)-estradiol}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stigma}} - avascular bulging spot on the ovary before ovulation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::LH}} surge increases {{c1::collagen}}ase activity and {{c1::prostaglandin}} levels to prepare for ovulation
Published	07/30/2024	Most movement of sperm from the cervix to the uterine tube occurs through swimming{{c1::F. Mostly through muscle contractions of uterus::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sperm become less motile at the {{c1::isthmus}} if ovulation hasn't occurred
Published	07/30/2024	Sperm has to go through 2 processes in the {{c2::uterine tube}} to fertilize the ovum:{{c1::CapacitationAcrosome Reaction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Capacitation lasts {{c1::7 hours}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Capacitation}} - A glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins are removed from the plasma membrane over the acrosome of sperm
Published	07/30/2024	Phase 1, penetration of the corona radiataPhase 2, penetration of the zona pellucidaPhase 3, fusion of the oocyte and sperm cell membranes
Published	07/30/2024	Only {{c1::capacitated}} sperm can pass through the {{c2::corona radiata}} cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acrosome Reaction}} - Occurs when sperm binds to the zona pellucida and induced by {{c2::ligand ZP3::zona protein}} and culminates in the releas…
Published	07/30/2024	After {{c3::sperm-ovum membrane contact}}, {{c1::cortical granules}} on the oocyte plasma membrane release lysosomal enzymes to initiate the {{c2::zon…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Zona reaction}} - Permeability changes of the zona pellucida after sperm-oocyte contact
Published	07/30/2024	Adhesion of the sperm to the oocyte is mediated by{{c1::integrins::protein}} on the oocyte{{c1::disintegrins::protein}} on sperm
Published	07/30/2024	Egg and sperm chromosomes form individual {{c2::pronuclei}} then combine after {{c1::meiosis II}}
Published	07/30/2024	During the growth of pronuclei, DNA {{c1::replicates::verb}}
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