Notes in i. Cancer Metabolism

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Published	07/28/2024	Metabolic needs of resting vs proliferating cell-proliferating cells must meet energy requirements like ATP while also satisfying {{c1::anabolic build…
Published	07/28/2024	20c7fb1694e44d88a25622ea6a480619-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	20c7fb1694e44d88a25622ea6a480619-ao-2
Published	07/28/2024	Why do proliferating cells use the pyruvate to lactate pathway? {{c1::So they are able to create cellular components such as nucleotides, amino acids,…
Published	07/28/2024	Increased {{c1::glucose}} utilization in cancer cells can be used as a diagnostic tool
Published	07/28/2024	To see increased glucose utilization, we use the molecule {{c1::18 fluoro-2-deoxyglucose}} which allows for visualization of tumors in CT/PET scans.
Published	07/28/2024	Glutamine utilization in cancer metabolism is used to donate {{c1::nitrogen}} for biosynthesis reactions, to replenish {{c1::TCA cycle}} intermediates…
Published	07/28/2024	In cancer cells what happens to the pentose phosphate pathway? {{c1::It is upregulated}}
Published	07/28/2024	Even with adequate dietary fat intake, {{c1::de novo}} lipogenesis is required from carbohydrate (pyruvate, acetyl CoA) or glutamine (alpha-ketoglutar…
Published	07/28/2024	In cancer, transporters for essential amino acids are: A. TransientB. DownregulatedC. Upregulated {{c1::D. Upregulated for protein synthesis…
Published	07/28/2024	Oxidative stress (redox) in cells {{c1::varies across stages}} of tumorigenesis.
Published	07/28/2024	Best way to treat cancer cells is by using a {{c1::cocktail}} or precision medicine because of the {{c2::adaptability/heterogeneity}} of cancer cells
Published	07/28/2024	Resting cell metabolic needs are met mostly through {{c1::catabolic}} use of {{c2::glucose}} and {{c2::fatty acids}}
Published	07/28/2024	Proliferating cells rewire their metabolic programming to satisfy the huge {{c1::anabolic}} demand for synthesis of {{c2::nucleotides}}, amino acids, …
Published	07/28/2024	Proliferating cells increase glucose and {{c1::glutamine}} uptake to fuel cell growth
Published	07/28/2024	Proliferating cells need to meet three major metabolic demands: 1) {{c1::ATP}} production2) {{c1::Macromolecular}} synthesis3) {{c1::Redox}} main…
Published	07/28/2024	Proliferating cells show preferential catabolism of glucose to {{c1::lactate}} which is a preferential intermediate for {{c1::anabolic}} demands of ot…
Published	07/28/2024	Glutamine serves as a {{c1::nitrogen source}} for nucleotides and non-essential amino acids
Published	07/28/2024	Cancer cells are {{c1::heterogenous}} so not all the same changes occur in all cancer cells
Published	07/28/2024	Cancer cells shift to an {{c1::anabolic}} metabolic state
Published	07/28/2024	Warburg effectIn rapidly proliferating tumor cells, {{c1::glucose}} is metabolized to {{c1::pyruvate}} and then to {{c1::lactate}} even under {{c1::ae…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Warburg}} effect allows {{c2::radiolabeled glucose}} to be used in imaging via {{c2::PET scans}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Glutamine}} is an additional critical nutrient in fueling proliferation
Published	07/28/2024	Glutamine can serve as a ...1) {{c1::Nitrogen donor}} for biosynthetic reactions2) {{c2::Carbon source}} to replenish the TCA cycle3) Precursor to {{c…
Published	07/28/2024	Glutamine is also important for {{c1::nucleotide synthesis}} in conjunction with {{c1::Ribose-5-phosphate}} from the {{c1::PPP}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Glutaminase}} inhibitors are being used in clinical trials for some cancers
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Folate}} is required for {{c2::nucleotide metabolism}} which is critical for dividing cells{{c1::Folate}} receptors are frequently overexpressed…
Published	07/28/2024	Increased {{c1::PPP}}, {{c1::glutamine}}, and {{c1::1C (folate)}} metabolism all contribue to increased nucleotide metabolism in cancer
Published	07/28/2024	Cancer cells perform de novo {{c1::lipogenesis}} from carbohydrates or glutamine to meet the increased {{c1::lipid}} demand to form new {{c1::membrane…
Published	07/28/2024	Acetyl CoA can be used for {{c1::histone acetylation}} that regulates {{c2::oncogenes}}
Published	07/28/2024	Increased protein synthesis in cancer cells results in increased transporters for {{c1::essential amino acids}}
Published	07/28/2024	Some {{c1::non-essential}} amino acids can become {{c1::essential}} in tumor cells including serine and glutamine
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Oxidative (redox) stress}} changes throughout the stages of tumorgenesis
Published	07/28/2024	How is metabolism altered in cancer?
Published	07/28/2024	Cancer metabolism is altered by {{c1::signaling pathways}} that effect key metabolic {{c1::genes}} and proteins
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Precision medicine}} allows use to target tumor cancer cells more effectively due to {{c2::heterogeneity of tumors}}
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