Notes in Year 1 GEM Learning Objectives

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Published	09/26/2024	Pediatrician clinical history-taking should follow the following sequence:Presenting complaint, History of the PC, Past Medical History, {{c1::De…
Published	09/26/2024	What should presenting complaints questions cover?
Published	09/26/2024	Symptoms of clinical dehydration{{c1::Unwell}} appearance{{c1::Altered}} responsiveness{{c1::Decreased}} urine outputSkin color {{c1::Unchanged}}{{c1:…
Published	09/26/2024	Symptoms of Clinical Shock{{c1::Decreased}} level of consiousness{{c1::Pale}} skin{{c1::Cold}} extremeties
Published	09/26/2024	Signs of Clinical Dehydration{{c1::Altered}} responsiveness{{c1::Unchanged}} skin color{{c1::Warm}} extremeties{{c1::Sunken}} eyes{{c1::Increased}} he…
Published	09/26/2024	Signs of Clinical Shock{{c1::Decreased}} level of consiousness{{c1::Pale}} skin{{c1::Cold}} extremeties{{c1::Increased}} heart rate{{c1::Increased (ta…
Published	09/26/2024	What are some red flags specifically for children with diarrhea?
Published	09/26/2024	How can overconsumption of milk cause pallor?
Published	09/26/2024	What is normal capillary refill time?
Published	09/26/2024	Skin turgor test is normal if {{c1::immediate}}, slow if {{c1::1 second}}, very slow if {{c1::greater than or equal to 2 seconds}}
Published	09/26/2024	How can meningitis cause diarrhoea?
Published	09/26/2024	What is the first line of treatment for acute diarrhoea?
Published	09/26/2024	When should a stool sample be collected?
Published	09/26/2024	WHO Definition of Diarrhoea
Published	09/26/2024	What duration is considered acute?
Published	09/26/2024	What duration is considered persistant?
Published	09/26/2024	Based on the Bristol Stool Form, what would each stool type likely be categorized as? (type 1-7)
Published	09/26/2024	In Osmotic diarrhoea, electrolyte absorption is {{c1::normal}}
Published	09/26/2024	In Secretory diarrhoea, electrolyte absorption is {{c1::lower}}
Published	09/26/2024	In Osmotic diarrhoea, diarrhoea {{c1::improves}} with fasting
Published	09/26/2024	In Secretory Diarrhea, diarrheoa {{c1::continues}} with fasting
Published	09/26/2024	Stool volume is osmotic diarrhoea {{c1::moderately increases}} while in secretory diarrhoea it is {{c1::very large}}
Published	09/26/2024	What is osmotic diarrhoea?
Published	09/26/2024	What is secretory diarrhoea?
Published	09/26/2024	Causes of Osmotic diarrhoea
Published	09/26/2024	Causes of Secretory diarrhea
Published	09/26/2024	What is steatorrhea?
Published	09/26/2024	Inflammatory diarrhoea causes damage to
Published	09/26/2024	Inflammatory diarrhoea symptoms
Published	09/26/2024	What are some causes of inflammatory diarrhoea?
Published	09/26/2024	Secretory diarrhoea associated consequences{{c1::Dehydration}} from loss of fluid{{c1::Disordered physiology}} from loss of electrolytes
Published	09/26/2024	Osmotic diarrhoea associated consequence{{c1::Malnutrition}} from prolonged loss of nutrients
Published	09/26/2024	Inflammatory diarrhoea associated consequences
Published	09/26/2024	All of the following are what?Clostridium difficile (C. Diff)Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC aka traveller's diarrhea)E. coli 0157Salmonella enteritisGi…
Published	09/26/2024	All of the following are what?Rotavirus Toddler diarrhea
Published	09/26/2024	All of the following are what?DivirticulitisUlcerative colitisIrritable bowel syndome
Published	09/26/2024	Giardiasis is often associated with
Published	09/26/2024	Acute, infectious diarrhoea is usually {{c1::self-limiting}}, meaning rehydration is main focus as well as avoiding antibiotics and anti-diarrhoe…
Published	09/26/2024	A common diarrhoea diagnosis referred to as "spastic colon" or "functional diarrhoea" causing osmotic diarrhoea
Published	09/26/2024	A common diarrhoea diagnosis that is an RNA virus which causes secretory diarrhoea
Published	09/26/2024	A common diarrhoea diagnosis presenting as steatorrhea and osmotic diarrhoea due to parasitic infection
Published	09/26/2024	A common diarrhoea diagnosis due to a bacterial infection that causes secretory diarrhoea, also known as Traveller's diarrhoea
Published	09/26/2024	A common diarrhoea diagnosis that is a highly infectious spore forming bacillus, can cause plaques in bowel lumen (pseudomembrannous colitis)
Published	09/26/2024	List each part of the small intestine from beginning to end
Published	09/26/2024	Which part of the small intestine is most leaky?
Published	09/26/2024	The broader and fatter microvilli of the Jejunum allows for...
Published	09/26/2024	Which part of the small intestine will compensate for the Jejunum if it doesn't absorb all nutrients?
Published	09/26/2024	What contents will typically be found in the ileum?
Published	09/26/2024	How does epithelial cell turnover in the microvilli of the small intestine prevent tumorous growths?
Published	09/26/2024	What is considered to be the first barrier to seperate the intestinal lumen from the subepitheslial space outside of it?
Published	09/26/2024	What can the large intestine absorb?
Published	09/26/2024	In comparison to the small intestine microvilli, the large intestine microvilli are more {{c1::tightly}} packed and {{c1::not very}} leaky
Published	09/26/2024	In normal functioning bowels, about {{c1::10L}} of fluids enter the small intestine and {{c1::0.1L}} are excreted in feces per day
Published	09/26/2024	With small intestine dysfunction, 10L of fluids can enter the SI but only half the usual amount may be absorbed, resulting in 1.5L of fluid being excr…
Published	09/26/2024	In colonic dysfuntion, 10L of fluids may enter per day but the large intestine may absorb 0.5L less, causing a {{c1::diarrheal}} state
Published	09/26/2024	What are the four layers of the gut?
Published	09/26/2024	The stomach, intestine, colon/rectum mucosas all consist of which kind of cell?
Published	09/26/2024	What are the three components of oral rehydration solutions?
Published	09/26/2024	How many milliliters of water with dissolved oral rehydration solution should be given after each loose stool?
Published	09/26/2024	When should IV fluids be given?
Published	09/26/2024	How can antibiotics cause diarrhea?
Published	09/26/2024	How can non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen cause diarrhoea?
Published	09/26/2024	Loperamide (commonly known as Immodium) acts on which receptors in the bowel to reduce passage of stools?
Published	09/26/2024	Mechanism of action of LoperamideBinds to {{c1::opioid}} receptor --> {{c1::decreases}} motility of bowel --> {{c1::increases}} transit time in …
Published	09/26/2024	What is pharmacokinetics?
Published	09/26/2024	What is pharmacodynamics?
Published	09/26/2024	Pharmacology will reveal that although Loperamide is effective with few side effects, some things to keep in mind are:
Published	09/26/2024	What are the four main functions of the GI tract?
Published	09/26/2024	Where in the digestive system does carbohydrate breakdown begin?
Published	09/26/2024	Mucosa layer of the GI tract is highly folded for {{c1::secretion and absorption}}, specifically secretion of {{c1::digestive juices and hormones}}
Published	09/26/2024	Submucosa of the GI tract contains a nerve network called the {{c1::submucosal plexus}} which is mainly {{c1::sensory and sectretory}} in nature
Published	09/26/2024	Serosa of the GI tract has a supporting role of {{c1::lubrication}} and friction-prevention between organs
Published	09/26/2024	Muscularis externa of the GI tract is {{c1::smooth}} muscle and contains the {{c1::myenteric plexus}} nerve network, important for contraction.
Published	09/26/2024	In the Muscularis externa, the inner circular muscle contracts and {{c1::constricts}} the digestive tract, while the outer longitudinal muscle contrac…
Published	09/26/2024	Enteric nervous system allows for {{c1::autonomous}} behavior of the digestive system, therefore the CNS is {{c1::not}} required for digestive functio…
Published	09/26/2024	Your "gut brain" or your {{c1::enteric}} nervous system regulates the {{c1::short}} reflexes of the gut
Published	09/26/2024	The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system receive external stimuli (sight, smell etc.) and can influence the GI tract through which type of r…
Published	09/26/2024	Is the first phase of the swallowing reflect voluntary or autonomic?
Published	09/26/2024	How do each of the following aspects influence salivary secretion?1. Parasympathetic NS2. Sympathetic NS3. The hypothalamus4. Cerebral cortex
Published	09/26/2024	What is the name of the entry point into the duodenum from the stomach?
Published	09/26/2024	The stomach stores food as well as secretes {{c1::intrinsic factor, mucus, pepsinogen, and HCL}}
Published	09/26/2024	Gastrin hormone, secreted by the stomach, causes the release of which gastric secretions specifically?
Published	09/26/2024	Which enzyme breaks down protein in the stomach?
Published	09/26/2024	Acid in the duodenum stimulates secretin release which causes the {{c1::pancreas}} to secrete bicarb and the {{c1::liver}} to produce bicarb-rich bile
Published	09/26/2024	The gallbladder stores {{c1::bile}} which passes through the {{c1::common bile duct}} to the duodenum in response to secretin stimulation
Published	09/26/2024	Fat and protein in the duodenum stimulate the release of which hormone?
Published	09/26/2024	Acid in duodenum--> Secretin release --> Pancreas secretes {{c1::bicarb}} into duodenal lumenFat & protein in duodenum --> CCK release --…
Published	09/26/2024	Hormones released from the duodenum {{c1::decrease}} gastric motility and secretions and {{c1::increase}} small intestine motility
Published	09/26/2024	Food gets absorbed by {{c1::microvilli}} lining the small intestine, entering its capillary network which then drains into the {{c1::hepatic portal sy…
Published	09/26/2024	Describe how glucose is passively transported into cells by the SGLT transporter
Published	09/26/2024	Which transporter uses facilitated diffusion to transport glucose passively from the cell down its concentration gradient into the blood?
Published	09/26/2024	Function of bile salts in fat digestion?
Published	09/26/2024	A {{c1::high}} HDL:LDL ratio reduces your risk of a heart attack
Published	09/26/2024	Vitamin B12 binds to {{c1::intrinsic factor}} and is absorbed in the {{c1::terminal ileum }}
Published	09/26/2024	Which vitamins are fat soluble vitamins?
Published	09/26/2024	The luminar surface of the large colon is much {{c1::smoother}} and has {{c1::less}} absorptive surface area than the small intestine
Published	09/26/2024	When food enters the stomach, which two reflexes are triggered to move existing contents in the colon further along the tract?
Published	09/26/2024	How can the internal anal sphincter be relaxed, but the external anal sphincter be contracted at the same time?
Published	09/26/2024	What are some age-related changes that can affect digestion and absorption?
Published	09/26/2024	Molarity is the number of {{c1::molecules}} in a solution while osmolarity is the number of {{c1::particles}} in a solution
Published	09/26/2024	If the molarity of sodium chloride is 140 mmol/L in blood, what will be its osmolarity?
Published	09/26/2024	At the arterial end of capillaries, Hydrostatic Pressure allow for bulk flow outward fluid movement of water, sodium, potassium, and glucose into inte…
Published	09/26/2024	Inflammatory oedema has {{c1::protein-rich}} exudate causing swelling while non-infammatory oedema has {{c1::protein-free}} transudate causing swellin…
Published	09/26/2024	Oedema can be caused by{{c1::Increased}} capillary hydrostatic pressure{{c1::Decreased}} oncotic pressure{{c1::Increased}} sodium retention{{c1::Incre…
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