Notes in PHARM 117-01

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/17/2023	hydrocarbons are {{c1::hydrophobic}} therefore no {{c1::hydrogen bonds}} can form between carbon chains and water
Published	09/17/2023	hydrocarbons are relatively {{c1::nonreactive}} therefore they are stable to {{c2::acids, bases, oxidation, reduction, light}}
Published	09/20/2023	what happens when hydrocarbons undergo oxidation in vivo by CYP
Published	09/17/2023	what des CYP stand for and where is it found and what is it
Published	09/20/2023	3 examples of drugs containing hydrocarbon substituents (ICH)
Published	09/17/2023	what are the pharmaceutical uses of hydrocarbons
Published	09/20/2023	are haloalkanes hydrophobic or hydrophilic? {{c1::hydrophobic}}
Published	09/17/2023	even though haloalkanes are hydrophobic, they can still have {{c1::polarization interactions }}
Published	09/20/2023	what are the cases in which haloalkanes can still have interaction even though they are hydrophobic
Published	09/17/2023	hydrogen atoms adjacent to pi bonds are {{c1::allylic}}
Published	09/17/2023	Thiols are {{c1::(-SH)}}
Published	09/17/2023	Thiol and Thioester groups are {{c1::nonpolar}}
Published	09/17/2023	thiols can also be called {{c1::mercaptans}}
Published	09/20/2023	When comparing H2O and H2S- which has higher MW- which has lower MP- which is more polar- for the molecule that is less polar, what does this indicate…
Published	09/17/2023	why are thiols reactive
Published	09/20/2023	what is the significance of thiols when it comes to protein structure
Published	09/17/2023	{{c1::glutathione}} is able to counteract acetaminophen toxicity because it has a {{c2::nucleophilic sulfur}}
Published	09/21/2023	why is there a chance of acetaminophen toxicity in the first place
Published	09/21/2023	what forms if there is enough glutathione to counter acetaminophen toxicity
Published	09/17/2023	ethers are {{c1::more}} polar than thioethers
Published	09/21/2023	Explain the relationship between thioethers, sulfoxides and sulfones
Published	09/17/2023	Examples of thioether/ sulfoxide in drugs
Published	09/17/2023	cimetidine (tagamet) is used to treat {{c1::GERD}}
Published	09/17/2023	sulindac is {{c1::not active}} and has to be {{c2::reduced}} into the sulfide form in vivo in order to be activated
Published	09/17/2023	sulindac is an {{c1::anti inflammatory}} drug
Published	09/17/2023	ethers have {{c1::intermediate}} polarity
Published	09/17/2023	ethers have intermediate polarity because
Published	09/17/2023	Ethers can hydrogen bond to water depending on the {{c1::R groups}} attached to it
Published	09/17/2023	the most soluble R group that can be attached to an ether is a {{c1::methyl group}}
Published	09/17/2023	the more carbons that the R group of an ether has, the more {{c1::insoluble}} the ether is
Published	09/17/2023	ethers can an oxygen which have {{c1::2 lone pairs of electrons}} which can {{c2::accept two hydrogen bonds}}
Published	09/17/2023	ethers can engage in hydroge bonds due to its {{c1::oxygen}}
Published	09/17/2023	ethers can accept H bonds from water or {{c1::any group that has dipoles}}
Published	09/17/2023	how do ethers "boost" drug solubility
Published	09/17/2023	ethers can be oxidized to {{c1::peroxides}}
Published	09/17/2023	{{c1::oxidative dealkylation}} is one of the metabolic pathways for small alkyl ethers
Published	09/17/2023	in oxidative alkylation of small alkyl ethers, CYP ...
Published	09/17/2023	aldehydes are reactive because the carbonyl is {{c1::partially positive}} and the oxygen is {{c2::partially negative }}
Published	09/17/2023	in high concentrations, aldehydes {{c1::trimerize}} and form {{c2::trioxane ring structures}}
Published	09/17/2023	ketones can undergo {{c1::keto-enol tautomerization}}
Published	09/21/2023	2 drugs with ketone and aldehyde functional groups (HE)
Published	09/17/2023	alchohols are {{c1::hydroxyl (-OH)}} groups
Published	09/17/2023	what is the difference between a primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol
Published	09/17/2023	Hydroxyl groups are {{c1::hydrophilic}}
Published	09/17/2023	hydroxyl groups are hydrophilic because {{c1::the oxygen has two lone pairs and the alcohol (OH) has an H}}
Published	09/17/2023	hydroxyl groups can be oxidized by {{c1::air}} or {{c2::metabolism}}
Published	09/21/2023	3 examples of hydroxyl group containing drugs are {{c1::timolol, adrenaline, and propofol}} (TAP)
Published	09/17/2023	why is ethanol a common co-solvent
Published	09/17/2023	the nitrogen in an amine group is {{c1::basic}}
Published	09/17/2023	why is the nitrogen in an amine group basic
Published	09/17/2023	what type of amine is not basic: primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
Published	09/17/2023	amines are less basic when they are attached to {{c1::unsaturated}} bonds
Published	09/17/2023	why are amines attached to unsaturated bonds less basic (aka neutral or weakly basic)
Published	09/21/2023	what are 4 examples of conjugated nitrogen functional groups (AANC)
Published	09/21/2023	what are 3 nitrogen derivative examples? (UAG)
Published	09/17/2023	carboxylic acids can donate and accept hydrogen bonds because
Published	09/17/2023	carboxylic esters can form hydrogen bonds due to
Published	09/21/2023	the eter bond is a common bond for
Published	09/17/2023	how is a prodrug containing esters activated
Published	09/17/2023	esters are easily
Published	09/17/2023	what is a common use of esters in drugs
Published	09/17/2023	in order to be absorbed, drugs need to be {{c1::solubilized}}
Published	09/17/2023	a solution is {{c1::a molecular dispersion of one substance (less abundant, the solute) into another (more abundant, the solvent)}}
Published	09/20/2023	what is the process of dissolving a solid into a liquid at a molecular level (acronym DCSD)
Published	09/21/2023	describe the dissociation step of dissolving a solid into a liquid
Published	09/21/2023	describe the cavitation step in the process of dissolving a solid into a liquid
Published	09/21/2023	describe the solvation step of the process of dissolving a solid into a liquid at the molecular level
Published	09/21/2023	describe the diffusion step of the process of dissolving a solid into a liquid at the molecular level
Published	09/21/2023	describe the reversible process of dissolution
Published	09/21/2023	describe a saturated solution
Published	09/17/2023	solubility is the{{c1:: amount of solute per a given amount of solvent or solution when the solution is saturated. }} Solubility can be expr…
Published	09/17/2023	In thermodynamics, solubility s defined as {{c1::the concentration (Eg. molar concentration, mol/L, M) of the solute in its saturated solution}}
Published	09/17/2023	If a solute has a {{c1::lower molarity}} in solution than its solubility, the solution is {{c2::unsaturated}}.
Published	09/17/2023	If the molarity of the dissolved solute is {{c1::higher}} than its solubility, the solution is {{c2::oversaturated}}.
Published	09/17/2023	Oversaturated solutions are {{c1::not thermodynamically stable}} and {{c2::tend to precipitate.}}
Published	09/21/2023	Oversaturated solutions are usually formed when {{c1::solute concentration rises above the solubility}} or when {{c2::the solubility dr…
Published	09/21/2023	factors that affect solubility
Published	09/17/2023	if the hydrophobic region of a structure has a high surface area, then it makes it {{c1::harder}} for the molecule to dissolve
Published	09/17/2023	molecules with large hydrophobic surface areas can {{c1::rotate and change conformation}} to become {{c2::more compact and spherical}}, allowing them …
Published	09/17/2023	clathrates are {{c1::structures water molecules form in order to surround the nonpolar groups of a molecule to preserve strong water water hydrogen bo…
Published	09/17/2023	the charged form of a molecule is {{c1::more soluble}} than the uncharged form of a molecule
Published	09/17/2023	ionized molecuels are {{c1::charged}} and unionized molecules are {{c1::uncharged}}
Published	09/17/2023	zwitterions are {{c1::molecules that have a net zero charge but contain positive and negative groups}}
Published	09/17/2023	the isoelectric point is {{c1::the pH at which most of the molecules are in a state carrying zero net charge }}
Published	09/17/2023	what are the steps to estimate the isoelectric point of a peptide
Published	09/17/2023	what are cyclodextrins
Published	09/17/2023	how do detergent like molecules increase the solubility of hydrophobic molecules in water
Published	09/17/2023	what is the partition coefficient
Published	09/17/2023	what is the lab process done to determine the partition coeff of a drug
Published	09/17/2023	what is the partition coefficient equation
Published	09/17/2023	what do the ranges for partition coefficients tell us about Drug Absorbance
Published	09/17/2023	To optimize drug to dissolution in water and permeability to the biomembrane by passive diffusion, the lipophilicity/hydrophilicity need to be {{…
Published	09/17/2023	what are the equations to calulate the solubility of weak acid drugs
Published	09/19/2023	carbon chains are
Published	09/19/2023	overall drug reactivity may depend on its
Published	09/19/2023	drugs that contain electrophilic functional groups may be {{c1::cytotoxic}}
Published	09/19/2023	esters and amides undergo {{c1::hydrolysis}}
Published	09/19/2023	aldehydes, ketones and esters undergo {{c1::epimerization}}
Published	09/19/2023	the most common bond used in prodrugs are the {{c1::ester}} bond
Published	09/19/2023	chiral carbon atoms next to carbonyls are prone to {{c1::epimerization}}
Published	09/19/2023	the presence of a neighboring carbonyl group increases the {{c1::acidity}} of hte molecule
Published	09/19/2023	the precautions for drugs prone to hydrolysis and epimerization are {{c1::pH}}, {{c2::dielectric constant}}, {{c3::humidity}}
Published	09/19/2023	radicals are stabilized through {{c1::resonance structures }}
Published	09/19/2023	carbocations and radicals are both {{c1::electron deficient}}
Published	09/19/2023	the precautions for drugs prone to oxidation are {{c1::exclusion of O2}}, {{c2::pH}}, {{c3::opaque containers}}, {{c4::chelators and antioxidations&nb…
Published	09/19/2023	light initiated degradation is caused by {{c1::oxidation}} and {{c2::direct drug excitation}}
Published	09/19/2023	light can cleave {{c1::pi bonds}}
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::tamoxifen}} is a light sensitive drug
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::mylotarg}} is a light sensitive drug
Published	09/19/2023	drug metal coordination can affect drug {{c1::reactivity}} and {{c2::solubility}}
Published	09/19/2023	tetracyclines coordinate to {{c1::metal ions}} such as {{c2::calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and bismuth }}. Because of that, we have to space {{c3…
Published	09/19/2023	some drugs are {{c1::metal}} complexes like {{c2::cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaloplatin}}
Published	09/19/2023	let's say a drug is an unionized acid, what are the pros of staying an unionized acid vs becoming an anionic conjugate base
Published	09/19/2023	acids {{c1::donate}} protons, bases {{c2::accept}} protons
Published	09/19/2023	free bases are bases that are {{c1::unionized, uncharged, basically a normal base }}
Published	09/19/2023	cationic acids are {{c1::acids that carry a positive charge }}
Published	09/19/2023	anionic bases are {{c1::bases that carry a negative charge }}
Published	09/19/2023	the {{c1::stronger}} the acid, the {{c1::weaker}} the conjugate base and vice versa
Published	09/19/2023	strong acids and bases are more {{c1::reactive}}
Published	09/19/2023	strong acids spend {{c1::less}} time in acid form; same concept applies to bases
Published	09/19/2023	the {{c1::weaker}} the acid the more it is in acid form
Published	09/19/2023	the {{c1::acid}} form of a drug is promoted in an acidic environment, the {{c2::base}} form is promoted in a basic environment
Published	09/19/2023	when pH = pKa, {{c1::[base form] = [acid form]}}
Published	09/19/2023	when pH > pKa, {{c1::base form > acid form }}
Published	09/19/2023	when pH < pKa, {{c1::base form < acid form }}
Published	09/19/2023	what is the henderson-hasselbalch equation
Published	09/19/2023	for weak acids...when, pH = pka,       {{c1::molecule is 50% ionized}}pH = pka + 1, {{c2::molecule is 90% ionized}}pH = pka + 2, {…
Published	09/19/2023	for weak bases, when...pH = pka,      {{c1::molecule is 50% ionized}}pH = pka - 1, {{c2::molecule is 90% ionized}}pH = pka - 2, {{c3::m…
Status	Last Update	Fields