Notes in 3. The Cardiac Cycle

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Published	02/10/2024	Overview of The Cardiac Cycle:[1] {{c1::Late diastole}}—both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively.[2] {{c1::Atrial systole}}—atr…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Late diastole}} is the stage of cardiac cycle where {{c2::both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively.}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Atrial Systole}} is the stage of cardiac cycle where {{c2::atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into&nbsp…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Isovolumic ventricular contraction}} is the stage of cardiac cycle where {{c2::ventricular contraction pushes atrioventricular valves closed and…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Ventricular ejection}} is the stage of cardiac cycle where {{c2::ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, and the semilu…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Isovolumic ventricular relaxation}} is the stage of cardiac cycle where {{c2::ventricles relax, causing a fall in pressure, and blood flows…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Semilunar}} valves are the {{c2::Aortic}} valve and {{c2::Pulmonary}} valve.
Published	02/10/2024	Minimum blood volume in ventricles (60ml of blood) is known as {{c1::End-Systolic Volume (ESV)}} which is seen in {{c2::Isovolumic ventricular re…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::diastole}} = filling phase{{c1::systole}} = ejection phase
Published	02/10/2024	When the left ventricular pressure {{c1::exceeds}} the pressure inside the left atrium, the mitral valve {{c2::closes}}.
Published	02/10/2024	When the left ventricular pressure is {{c1::above}} the aortic pressure, the aortic valve {{c2::opens}}.
Published	02/10/2024	When the left ventricular pressure is {{c1::below}} the aortic pressure, the aortic valve {{c2::closes}}.
Published	02/10/2024	When the left ventricular pressure is {{c1::below}} the pressure inside the left atrium, the mitral valve {{c2::opens}}.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Systolic}} pressure is the peak arterial pressure which is {{c2::120}} mmHg
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::pulse pressure}} is the difference between the {{c2::systolic and diastolic pressure.}}
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::mean arterial pressure (MAP)}} is the average arterial pressure throughout the cardiac cycle. It is the driving force pushing blood through …
Published	02/10/2024	At rest, the ventricle {{c1::does not}} squeeze out all the blood that it contains.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Stroke volume}} defined mathematically is the {{c2::difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV)}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Ejection Fraction}} is the {{c2::stroke volume (SV) divided by the end-diastolic volume (EDV), which is usually around 2/3 in a healthy hear…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Isometric contraction period}} is the {{c2::time between closure of the atrioventricular valves and opening of the semilunar valves. It involves…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Isometric relaxation period}} is {{c2::the time beginning with the closure of semilunar valves and preceeding the opening of the atrioventricula…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Rapid Ejection}} phase occurs when {{c2::the pressure rises in the ventricles enough to open the semilunar valves. This happens at…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Slower Ejection}} phase occurs when {{c2::the pressure falls in the ventricles until the semilunar valves close. This happens at the end of …
Published	02/10/2024	When pressure within the ventricles drops below pressure in both the pulmonary trunk and aorta, blood flows back toward the heart, producing the …
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Rapid Filling}} phase occurs when {{c2::the atrioventricular valves open and blood flows into the ventricles. This happens in early dia…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Slower Filling}} phase occurs when {{c2::the atrioventricular valves open and blood flows into the ventricles. This happens in late dia…
Published	02/10/2024	Atrial {{c1::contraction}} does very little difference to End-Diastolic Volume at rest.
Published	02/10/2024	The only distinction between the Cardiac Cycle in the left and right side of the heart is the {{c1::pressure difference}}
Published	02/10/2024	Closure of the {{c1::Atrioventricular}} valves causes the {{c2::First}} heart sound (lub)
Published	02/10/2024	Closure of the {{c1::Semilunar}} valves causes the {{c2::Second}} heart sound (dub)
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Rapid passive filling}} phase might cause the {{c2::Third}} heart sound. {{c1::Active filling}} phase might cause the {{c2::Fourth}} heart sound…
Published	02/10/2024	Abnormal heart sounds are called {{c1::murmurs}}.
Published	02/10/2024	Systolic Murmurs could be caused by: {{c1::Aortic/Pulmonary Stenosis}} which is unnatural narrowing of the valves {{c1::Mitral/Tricuspid&nbs…
Published	02/10/2024	Diastolic Murmurs could caused by: {{c1::Mitral/Tricuspid Stenosis}} which is unnatural narrowing of the valves {{c1::Aortic/Pulmonary Regurgitat…
Published	02/10/2024	Continuous murmur could be due to a {{c1::septal}} defect
Published	02/10/2024	Increasing the heart rate above {{c1::150}} would affect the {{c2::End-Diastolic Volume}} which is the amount of blood in the ventricles before the he…
Published	02/10/2024	If end-diastolic volume rises, stroke volume rises because the {{c1::preload}} is greater.
Published	02/10/2024	Standing up reduces {{c1::end-diastolic volume (EDV)}} because {{c2::blood pools in the capacitance vessels (i.e. veins and venules)}}.
Published	02/10/2024	Mitral murmurs typically radiate to the {{c1::left axilla}} whereas Aortic murmurs often radiate to the {{c1::carotid arteries}}
Published	02/10/2024	Maximum blood volume in ventricles (140ml of blood) is known as {{c1::End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)}} which is seen in {{c2::Isovolumic ventricular …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Diastolic}} pressure is the minimum arterial pressure which is {{c2::80}} mmHg
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::a-wave}} is the atrial pressure that involves {{c2::atrial contraction, which occurs right after the P wave on ECG.}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::c-wave}} is the atrial pressure that {{c2::rises when ventricles contract, causing the mitral valve to buldge into the atrium, descends when aor…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::v-wave}} is the atrial pressure that involves {{c2::blood flowing from pulmonary circulation into the left atrium while the ventricles contract.…
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