Notes in BIO 1A - Lecture 7

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Removal Requested	02/05/2025	gerhigbrg
Published	02/07/2025	What are the three types of work a cell performs?
Published	02/07/2025	{{c1::Chemical work}} involves performing endergonic reactions, such as DNA synthesis.
Published	02/07/2025	{{c1::Transport work}} moves substances across membranes against their concentration gradients.
Published	02/07/2025	What does mechanical work enable in a cell?
Published	02/07/2025	How do cells manage energy to perform work?
Published	02/07/2025	{{c1::ATP}} is the immediate source of energy for most energy coupling in cells.
Published	02/07/2025	What does energy coupling allow cells to do?
Published	02/07/2025	ATP stands for {{c1::adenosine triphosphate}}.
Published	02/07/2025	What is ATP’s primary role in cells?
Published	02/07/2025	ATP is composed of {{c1::ribose}} (a sugar), {{c2::adenine}} (a nitrogenous base), and {{c3::three phosphate groups}}.
Published	02/07/2025	What is released during the hydrolysis of ATP?
Published	02/07/2025	The hydrolysis of ATP converts it into {{c1::ADP}} and releases {{c2::energy}}.
Published	02/07/2025	What does ATP hydrolysis produce?
Published	02/07/2025	ATP hydrolysis involves the addition of {{c1::water}} to break one of the phosphate bonds.
Published	02/07/2025	What bond in ATP is broken during hydrolysis?
Published	02/07/2025	Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy because breaking the phosphate bond reduces {{c1::repulsion}} between negatively charged groups.
Published	02/07/2025	How are the bonds between ATP’s phosphate groups broken?
Published	02/07/2025	Energy is released from ATP when the {{c1::terminal phosphate bond}} is broken, forming {{c2::ADP}} and {{c3::inorganic phosphate}}.
Published	02/07/2025	Where does the energy release from ATP hydrolysis come from?
Published	02/07/2025	The release of energy during ATP hydrolysis occurs due to a transition to a state of {{c1::lower free energy}}.
Published	02/07/2025	What powers the three types of cellular work (mechanical, transport, and chemical)?
Published	02/07/2025	The energy from the {{c1::exergonic}} reaction of ATP hydrolysis is used to drive an {{c2::endergonic}} reaction.
Published	02/07/2025	What is the overall energy result of coupled reactions involving ATP?
Published	02/07/2025	ATP hydrolysis provides energy for {{c1::mechanical}}, {{c2::transport}}, and {{c3::chemical}} cellular work.
Published	02/07/2025	How does ATP drive endergonic reactions?
Removal Requested	02/07/2025	How does ATP drive endergonic reactions?
Published	02/07/2025	Why is ATP considered a renewable resource?
Published	02/07/2025	How quickly is ATP recycled in a working muscle cell?
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Published	02/07/2025	The molecule that receives a phosphate group from ATP is called {{c1::phosphorylated}}.
Published	02/07/2025	Why are phosphorylated molecules higher in energy than their unphosphorylated counterparts?
Published	02/07/2025	During phosphorylation, ATP transfers a {{c1::phosphate group}} to a reactant, making it more reactive.
Published	02/07/2025	How does ATP drive the synthesis of glutamine from glutamic acid and ammonia?
Published	02/07/2025	In step 1, ATP phosphorylates glutamic acid, forming a {{c1::phosphorylated intermediate}}.
Published	02/07/2025	What happens in step 2 of the reaction?
Published	02/07/2025	The overall free-energy change (ΔG) for the coupled reaction is {{c1::-3.9 kcal/mol}}, making it {{c2::exergonic}}.
Published	02/07/2025	Why is coupling with ATP hydrolysis necessary for the reaction to occur?
Published	02/07/2025	How does ATP drive transport work in a membrane protein?
Published	02/07/2025	In transport work, ATP transfers a {{c1::phosphate group}} to a membrane protein, enabling solute transport.
Published	02/07/2025	How does ATP contribute to mechanical work?
Published	02/07/2025	In mechanical work, ATP hydrolysis drives the movement of vesicles along the {{c1::cytoskeletal track}}.
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Published	02/07/2025	How is ATP regenerated in cells?
Published	02/07/2025	The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from {{c1::catabolic reactions}} in the cell.
Published	02/07/2025	In the ATP cycle, a cell regenerates approximately {{c1::10⁷ ATP molecules per second}}.
Published	02/07/2025	What provides the energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and Pi?
Published	02/07/2025	ATP hydrolysis releases energy for {{c1::cellular work}}, such as endergonic and anabolic processes.
Published	02/07/2025	What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed?
Published	02/07/2025	The ATP cycle couples {{c1::exergonic}} reactions (energy-releasing) to {{c2::endergonic}} reactions (energy-consuming).
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Published	02/07/2025	How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
Published	02/07/2025	Enzymes do not affect the {{c1::change in free energy}} (∆G) of a reaction; they only increase the {{c2::reaction rate}}.
Published	02/07/2025	What do thermodynamics tell us about chemical reactions?
Published	02/07/2025	The rate of a reaction increases because enzymes lower the {{c1::activation energy}} required to start the process.
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