Notes in 05 Structure and Function of Cells and their Building Blocks

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::homologous end joining}} uses the {{c2::MRN protein}} complex to bind to each end of the double-stranded breaks
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::nucleotide excision repair}} relies on {{c2::endonucleases}} that {{c3::make incisions in the DNA strand upstream and downstream of the damaged …
Published	09/03/2023	{{c1::Mismatch repair}} relies on special proteins called {{c2::MSH proteins}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::AP endonucleases}} clean up AP sites by {{c2::cleaving the remaining sugar and phosphate from the other nucleotides}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c2::Type III}} collagen is found in {{c1::reticulin (liver, lymphatic system)}} and {{c3::blood vessels}}
Published	08/31/2023	Chiasmata
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Non-homologous end joining}} is a form of double-stranded DNA damage repair that relies on {{c2::DNA protein kinase}} and {{c2::artemis}}
Published	08/31/2023	Collagen synthesis & transport:{{c1::procollagen}}  ->  {{c2::collagen peptidase cleaves loose ends}}  ->  {{c3::tropoco…
Published	09/03/2023	{{c1::Base excision repair}} functions to repair cellular DNA exogenous damage that causes damage to a single base on the DNA strand
Published	08/31/2023	single-strand DNA damage can be fixed by 3 repair mechanisms: {{c1::mismatch repair}}, {{c2::base excision repair}}, and {{c3::nucleotide excisio…
Published	08/31/2023	During {{c1::leptotene}} (prophase I), chromosomes {{c2::condense}}
Published	08/31/2023	Histones come in {{c1::groups of 8, arranged in 4 stacks of 2,}} and they are {{c2::positively}} charged
Published	08/31/2023	UV radiation damage creates {{c1::pyrimidine dimers between adjacent pyrimidines (esp. thymines)}} on one strand
Published	08/31/2023	the purines, {{c1::guanine and adenine}}, are made up of {{c2::2 heterocyclic rings}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Okazaki fragments}} are segments of DNA synthesized piecewise by {{c2::DNA polymerase}} on the {{c3::lagging}} strand
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Structural}} proteins allow tissues to stretch and compress
Published	08/31/2023	ed36870f087c4dd1a161564a286002ce-ao-1
Published	08/31/2023	euchromatin is {{c1::less}} densely packed than heterochromatin, and contains the genes that are {{c1::more}} frequently used.
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Base excision repair}} relies on enzymes called {{c2::glycosylases}} that {{c3::remove the damaged base and leave behind a tiny gap called …
Published	08/31/2023	ed36870f087c4dd1a161564a286002ce-ao-2
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::A-T pairs}} have {{c2::2 H-bonds}} while {{c1::C-G pairs}} have {{c2::3 H-bonds}}.
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Proteoglycans}} fill up space between cells to hydrate and cushion them like a gel
Published	08/31/2023	During {{c1::zygotene}} (prophase I), chromosomes {{c2::bind to their homologs, forming tetrads ("synapsis")}}
Published	08/31/2023	Sub-phases of prophase I:{{c1::leptotene}}{{c2::zygotene}}{{c3::pachytene}}{{c4::diplotene}}{{c5::diakinesis}}
Published	08/31/2023	Proteins are only made up of {{c1::L-::chirality-}}amino acids
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Helicase}} {{c2::separates the two strands of DNA}} during DNA replication
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::telomere}} is the part of the chromosome that {{c2::signals termination of DNA replication}}
Published	08/31/2023	During {{c2::diakinesis}} (prophase I), chromosomes {{c1::are separating, but still connected (at least one chiasmata)}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::primary}} structure of a protein {{c2::is the sequence of amino acids}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c2::S phase}} is the phase of the cell cycle where {{c1::DNA is replicated}}
Published	08/31/2023	A {{c2::disulfide bridge}} forms between {{c1::two cysteine residues}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c2::G1 phase}} is the phase of the cell cycle where {{c1::the cell grows}}
Published	08/31/2023	(DNA replication) initiation kicks off when a group of proteins get together to form the {{c1::pre-replication complex}}, which searches for {{c2::ori…
Published	09/03/2023	The {{c1::essential}} amino acids {{c2::cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from our diet}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c2::conditionally essential}} amino acids {{c1::can be made most of the time, but not always}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c2::Type IV}} collagen is found in {{c1::the basement membrane}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::secondary}} structure of a protein {{c2::includes H-bonded alpha-helices and beta-sheets}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::tertiary}} structure of a protein {{c2::is the overall folded shape, including disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::artemis}} protein {{c2::trims the single-stranded hanging ends}} in double-stranded DNA damage to facilitate repair
Published	08/31/2023	Each of the two strands that make up DNA is a {{c1::polynucleotide chain}}
Published	09/03/2023	{{c1::Nucleotide excision repair}} fixes DNA damage caused by {{c2::physical factors like UV radiation}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c2::dispensable}} amino acids {{c1::can be synthesized de novo at any time}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c2::Type II}} collagen is found in {{c1::cartilage}}
Published	08/31/2023	DNA polymerase moves in the {{c1::3' to 5'}} direction on the template strand
Published	08/31/2023	DNA replication occurs during {{c1::S phase}}
Published	08/31/2023	phases of mitosis{{c1::prophasemetaphaseanaphasetelophase}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::RNA primase}} sets up primers for {{c2::DNA polymerase}} to {{c3::latch on and begin replicating DNA strands}}
Published	08/31/2023	Telophase:{{c1::New nuclear envelope forms around each centrosome+chromosomes}}
Published	08/31/2023	during mitotic replication, the # of {{c1::chromatids}} are duplicated; the # of {{c1::chromosomes}} remains the same
Published	08/31/2023	Enzymes called {{c1::exonucleases}} remove damaged segments of DNA
Published	08/31/2023	Nucleotides are organic molecules that are made up of {{c1::a 5-carbon sugar}}, {{c2::a phosphate group}} and {{c3::a nitrogenous base}}
Published	08/31/2023	Homologous end joining is more reliable than non-homologous end joining because {{c1::there is no loss of nucleotides}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Homologous end joining}} relies on {{c2::homologous recombination}} to repair double-stranded DNA damage
Published	08/31/2023	Cell cycle checkpoints are checking for {{c1::DNA damage before mitosis}}
Published	08/31/2023	During {{c1::diplotene}} (prophase I), chromosomes {{c2::prepare to separate from their homologous pairs}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::DNA topoisomerase}} {{c2::counteracts overtightening of the coils}} during DNA replication
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::G2 phase}} is the phase of the cell cycle where {{c2::the cell duplicates organelles}}
Published	08/31/2023	Prometaphase:{{c1::nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate}}
Published	08/31/2023	single-strand DNA damage can be caused by {{c1::endogenous factors (like errors in DNA replication)}} or {{c2::exogenous factors (like harmful chemica…
Published	08/31/2023	Metaphase:{{c1::chromosomes align along midline (metaphase plate),}}{{c2::spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore on each chromosome}}
Published	08/31/2023	Peptide bonds are formed in a {{c1::condensation (makes H2O)}} reaction
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Ionizing radiation}} can break phosphate backbones and cause {{c2::double-stranded}} DNA damage
Published	08/31/2023	accumulated DNA damage can lead to:{{c1::senescence}}{{c2::apoptosis}}{{c3::uncontrolled cell division (tumor)}}
Published	08/31/2023	relative risk between two groups is calculated by {{c1::dividing one group's absolute risk over the other}}
Published	09/03/2023	{{c1::Adhesive}} proteins anchor cells to each other and relay cellular signals
Published	08/31/2023	the pyrimidines, {{c1::cytosine and thymine}}, are made up of {{c2::a single ring}}
Published	08/31/2023	absolute risk reduction between two groups is calculated by {{c1::subtracting one group's absolute risk by the other}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::quaternary}} structure of a protein {{c2::includes multiple polypeptide subunits}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::DNA ligase}} joins Okizaki fragments together during DNA replication
Published	09/06/2023	Amino acids are comprised of {{c1::an amino group}}, {{c2::a carboxyl group}}, and {{c3::a side chain}} all bound to the alpha carbon
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::G0 phase}} is the phase of the cell cycle where {{c2::DNA repair mechanisms kick in}}
Published	08/31/2023	During {{c1::pachytene}} (prophase I), chromosomes {{c2:: exchange genetic material}}
Published	08/31/2023	Prophase:{{c1::chromatin fibers condense,}}{{c2::centrosomes align on opposite ends of the nucleus,}}{{c3::centrioles send spindle fibers to chromosom…
Published	08/31/2023	The extracellular matrix is composed of {{c1::adhesive proteins}}, {{c1::structural proteins}}, and {{c1::proteoglycans}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c2::centromere}} is the part of the chromosome that {{c1::joins sister chromatids together}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Type I}} collagen is found in {{c2::bone, skin, and tendons}}
Published	08/31/2023	Anaphase:{{c1::centrosomes pull apart the sister chromatids}}
Published	08/31/2023	Elastin is found in {{c4::ligaments}}, {{c3::blood vessels}}, {{c2::skin}}, and {{c1::lungs}}
Published	08/31/2023	What class of enzymes cleaves nucleotides at the ends of a DNA strand? {{c1::Exonucleases}}
Status	Last Update	Fields