Notes in 03 Neoplasia

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Published	10/25/2024	What is the key distinguishing characteristic of neoplasia?
Published	10/25/2024	How is the clonality of B cells determined?
Published	10/25/2024	3 major causes of death in adults:
Published	10/25/2024	3 major causes of death in children:
Published	10/25/2024	Cancer begins as a single mutated cell. How many divisions occurs before the earliest symptoms arise?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancer is associated with Aflatoxin?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers are associated with alkylating agents?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers are associated with alcohol consumption (2)?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers are associated with arsenic exposure (3)?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers are associated with asbestos exposure?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers are associated with smoking (5)?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancer is associated with nitrosamines?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancer is associated with naphthylamine?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancer is associated with vinyl chloride?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancer is associated with nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers are associated with EBV (4)?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers are associated with HHV-8? Which patients get this and what would be the treatment for each?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancer is associated with HBV and HCV?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancer is associated with HTLV-1?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers are associated with HPV 16, 18, 31, 33?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers are associated with ionizing radiation (nuclear reactor accidents and radiotherapy)?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers are associated with non-ionizing radiation (UVB sunlight)?
Published	10/25/2024	Which proto-oncogene is dysfunctional in astrocytoma? How does it become aberrantly expressed?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancer is associated with ERBB2 overexpression? What mechanism leads to this overexpression?
Published	10/25/2024	What (3) cancer syndromes/cancers are associated with RET mutations? What kind of mutation is typical?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancer is associated with a KIT mutation? What type of mutation is it?
Published	10/25/2024	Ras mutations are associated with what cancers? What kind of mutation?
Published	10/25/2024	What are the 3 MYC family regulators? What cancers is each associated with?
Published	10/25/2024	Cyclin D1 rearrangment is associated with what cancer? CDK4 amplification?
Published	10/25/2024	p53 regulates progression from which cell cycle checkpoint? What will it do in the event of reparable DNA damage?
Published	10/25/2024	What cellular progression checkpoint does Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) regulate?  How does it do this?
Published	10/25/2024	How will sporadic vs. germline mutation of Rb present?
Published	10/25/2024	What is the function of Bcl2?
Published	10/25/2024	How does a constitutively active Bcl2 induce follicular lymphoma pathogenesis?
Published	10/25/2024	What two growth factors are commonly produced by tumor cells? Why?
Published	10/25/2024	Tumor cells often evade immune surveillance by?
Published	10/25/2024	The process of tumor invasion and spread is well-modeled by considering the epithelial tumor. What are the 5 steps of epithelial tumor invasion and sp…
Published	10/25/2024	Lymphatic spread is most characteristic of carcinomas. However, some carcinomas spread hematogenously - which ones?
Published	10/25/2024	Seeding of body cavities is characteristic of what cancer?
Published	10/25/2024	What tissue type is keratin positive?
Published	10/25/2024	What tissue type is vimentin positive?
Published	10/25/2024	What tissue type is desmin positive?
Published	10/25/2024	What tissue type is GFAP positive?
Published	10/25/2024	What tissue type is neurofilament positive?
Published	10/25/2024	What cell type is thyroglobulin positive?
Published	10/25/2024	What cell type is chromogranin positive?
Published	10/25/2024	What cancers/tumors are S-100 positive? (3)
Published	10/25/2024	How was cell clonality historically determined?
Published	10/25/2024	What ratio of G6PD isoforms would you expect to see in hyperplasia?
Published	10/25/2024	Why did early modes of clonality determination necessitate use of female model organisms?
Published	10/25/2024	What kappa/lambda Ig light chain ratios are necessary to diagnose a monoclonal B cell proliferation?
Published	10/25/2024	What is the primary difference between a benign and malignant tumor?
Published	10/25/2024	Give the appropriate benign and malignant name for tumors arising from each of the following tissues:Epithelium (2):Mesenchyme:Lymphocyte:Melanocyte:&…
Published	10/25/2024	What are the 3 most common cancers by incidence in adults?
Published	10/25/2024	What are the 3 most common causes of cancer mortality in adults?
Published	10/25/2024	Each full cancer division (doubling time) in a cancer yields an increase in what?
Published	10/25/2024	What are 3 important general classes of carcinogen?
Published	10/25/2024	DNA mutations eventually disrupt key regulatory systems allowing for tumor promotion (growth) and progression (spread). What are 3 general d…
Published	10/25/2024	Proto-oncogenes are essential for what non-pathological functions?
Published	10/25/2024	What are the 5 categories of proto-oncogenes and what is an example of each?
Published	10/25/2024	Growth factors have what general function?
Published	10/25/2024	Growth factor receptors have what general function?
Published	10/25/2024	Signal transducers play what general function?
Published	10/25/2024	How is the Ras pathway normally activated?
Published	10/25/2024	How is Ras normally deactivated?
Published	10/25/2024	What is the most common functional mutation of the Ras protein?
Published	10/25/2024	How do cyclinD/CDK4 complexes promote progression through the cell cycle (give an example pathway)?
Published	10/25/2024	In the event that DNA damage is too great heading into S phase, how does p53 induce apoptosis?
Published	10/25/2024	Must both copies of p53 be lost for tumorigenisis to occur?
Published	10/25/2024	What percentage of cancers possess loss of p53?
Published	10/25/2024	Germline mutations in p53 result in what genetic disorder?
Published	10/25/2024	What function do active telomerases play in tumor development?
Published	10/25/2024	How do sarcomas typically metastasize?
Published	10/25/2024	Describe the 4 clinically apparent characteristics of benign tumors:
Published	10/25/2024	What are 4 clinically apparant characteristics of a malignant tumor?
Published	10/25/2024	What must be done before a tumor can be classified as benign or malignant with certainty?
Published	10/25/2024	What are the 5 histologic characteristics of benign tumors?
Published	10/25/2024	What are the 5 histologic characteristics of a malignant tumor?
Published	10/25/2024	What cell type is PSA positive?
Published	10/25/2024	In what cell type is estrogen receptor (ER) positive?
Published	10/25/2024	What tool is used to commonly characterize tumors that are difficult to classify on histology?
Published	10/25/2024	What must be done to confirm a diagnosis in the case of an elevated serum tumor marker?
Published	10/25/2024	What is more important in terms of cancer prognosis: grading or staging?
Published	10/25/2024	Grading of a tumor is based on what property?
Published	10/25/2024	Describe the TNM tumor staging system:
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