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01 Renal Anatomy, Development, Structure, and Function
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Published
10/02/2023
The kidneys lie in the {{c1::retroperitoneal}} cavity of the body
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The outer region of the kidney is the {{c1::cortex}}
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The central region of the kidney is the {{c1::medulla}}
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The innermost tip of the kidney medullary pyramid is called the {{c1::papilla}}
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The medullary pyramids (papillae) of the kidney empty into {{c1::major}} and {{c1::minor calyces}}
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The major and minor calyces of the kidney drain into the {{c1::renal pelvis}}, which is the dilated proximal part of the {{c2::ureter}}
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At the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule, glomerular filtrate passes the {{c1::macula densa}}
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{{c2::Superficial cortical}} nephrons have glomeruli located in the outer cortex and have a relatively {{c1::short}} loop of Henle
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{{c2::Juxtamedullary}} nephrons have glomeruli located near the corticomedullary border and have a relatively {{c1::long}} loop of Henle
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Juxtamedullary nephrons have {{c1::larger::size}} glomeruli and thus {{c1::higher}} GFR than superficial cortical nephrons
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Blood enters the kidney via a(n) {{c1::renal}} artery, which branches into {{c2::segmental}} arteries
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Segmental arteries of the kidney further branch into {{c1::interlobar}} arteries
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Interlobar arteries of the kidney further branch into {{c1::arcuate}} arteries
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Arcuate arteries of the kidney further branch into {{c1::interlobular}} arteries
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The interlobular arteries of the kidney divide into the {{c1::afferent arterioles}}
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Blood from the efferent arterioles is delivered to the {{c1::peritubular}} capillaries
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In the {{c2::juxtamedullary}} nephrons, the peritubular capillaries give off {{c1::vasa recta (straight arterioles)}} which run parallel to the loop o…
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Which kidney is taken during donor transplantation? Why? {{c1::Left; has a longer renal vein}}
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In females, the ureters pass {{c2::under}} the {{c1::uterine artery}}
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Gynecologic procedures, such as ligation of uterine or ovarian vessels, may damage the {{c1::ureter}}
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In males, the ureters pass {{c2::under}} the {{c1::vas deferens}}
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{{c1::Horseshoe kidney}} occurs when the {{c2::inferior}} poles of the kidney are fused together
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What is the most common congenital renal anomaly?{{c1::Horseshoe kidney}}
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As horseshoe kidneys ascend from the pelvis during fetal development, they get trapped under the {{c1::inferior mesenteric}} artery and remain low in …
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Is kidney function in horseshoe kidney normal or abnormal? {{c1::Normal}}
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Horseshoe kidney is associated with {{c1::hydronephrosis}} (e.g due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction)
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Horseshoe kidney is associated with increased risk for kidney {{c1::stones}} and infection
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What sex chromosome disorder is associated with horseshoe kidney? {{c1::Turner syndrome}}
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Which congenital kidney disease is associated with chromosomal aneuploidy (e.g. trisomy 13, 18, 21)? {{c1::Horseshoe kidney}}
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Horseshoe kidney is rarely associated with renal {{c1::cancer}}
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What congenital kidney disease is associated with unilateral or bilateral absent kidney and ureter formation? {{c1::Renal agenesis}}
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Renal agenesis occurs due to failure of the {{c2::ureteric buds}} to develop and induce differentiation of {{c1::metanephric mesenchyme}}
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Renal agenesis is often diagnosed prenatally via {{c1::ultrasound}}
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Unilateral renal agenesis leads to {{c1::hypertrophy}} of the existing kidney
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Hyperfiltration of the existing kidney in unilateral renal agenesis increases risk of {{c1::renal failure}} later in life
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{{c1::Bilateral}} renal agenesis increases risk for {{c2::Potter}} sequence
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The primary abnormality in Potter sequence is {{c1::oligo}}-hydramnios
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In Potter sequence, oligohydramnios leads to pulmonary {{c1::hypoplasia}}
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In Potter sequence, oligohydramnios causes {{c1::compression}} of the developing fetus
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In Potter sequence, compression of the developing fetus results in a(n) {{c1::flat}} face with {{c2::low-set}} ears
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In Potter sequence, compression of the developing fetus results in limb {{c1::deformities}}
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Potter sequence may cause {{c1::retrognathia}}, which is the abnormal positioning of the mandible
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What is the cause of death in Potter sequence? {{c1::Pulmonary hypoplasia}}
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Which form of polycystic kidney disease may cause Potter sequence? {{c1::Autosomal recessive PKD}}
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Potter sequence may be caused by chronic {{c1::placental}} insufficiency
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Potter sequence may be caused by {{c1::bladder outlet}} obstruction (e.g. posterior urethral valves)
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Is dysplastic kidney heritable? {{c1::No}}
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What cystic congenital kidney disease is non-inherited?{{c1::(Multicystic) dysplastic kidney}}
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Dysplastic kidney occurs due to failure of the {{c2::ureteric buds}} to induce differentiation of {{c1::metanephric mesenchyme}}
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Multicystic dysplastic kidney is often diagnosed prenatally via {{c1::ultrasound}}
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Dysplastic kidney is characterized by a cystic kidney with abnormal tissue (especially {{c1::cartilage}})
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In dysplastic kidney, cysts are usually {{c1::uni}}-lateral
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What congenital renal defect is a condition of being born with only one functioning kidney (one non-functional)?{{c1::Congenital solitary functioning …
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Congenital solitary functioning kidney leads to {{c1::hypertrophy}} of the functioning kidney
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Fetal kidney development begins with the {{c2::pronephros}}, which develops by week {{c1::4}}
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After the pronephros develops, it then {{c1::degenerates}}
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The {{c1::mesonephros}} forms after the pronephros and functions as an interim kidney for the 1st trimester
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The mesonephros later contributes to the {{c1::male}} genital system
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Which embryologic kidney becomes the permanent kidney? {{c1::Metanephros}}
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The metanephros first appears in the {{c1::5th}} week of gestation
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Nephrogenesis continues through {{c1::32}} to {{c1::36}} weeks of gestation
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The {{c1::ureteric}} bud is derived from the caudal end of the {{c2::mesonephric}} duct
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The embryonic {{c1::ureteric bud}} gives rise to the ureter, pelvises, calyces, and collecting ducts
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The ureteric bud is fully canalized by the {{c1::10th}} week of gestation, allowing the metanephros to make urine
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The embryonic {{c3::metanephric mesenchyme (blastema)}} differentiates into renal structures from the {{c1::glomerulus}} through the {{c2::DCT}}
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The embryonic {{c1::metanephric mesenchyme}} interacts via {{c2::reciprocal-inductive signaling}} with the ureteric bud, inducing differentiation …
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The {{c1::ureteropelvic junction}} is the last structure of the embryologic kidney to canalize
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What is the most common site of obstruction (hydronephrosis) in the fetal kidney? {{c1::Ureteropelvic junction}}
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{{c3::Duplex collecting system}} is a congenital renal disease characterized by {{c2::bifurcation}} of the {{c1::ureteric bud}} before it enters the m…
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What congenital renal disease is characterized by a Y-shaped bifid ureter? {{c1::Duplex collecting system}}
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{{c1::Duplex}} collecting system may occur due to two ureteric buds reaching and interacting with one metanephric mesenchyme
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Duplex collecting system is strongly associated with vesicoureteral {{c2::reflux}} and/or ureteral {{c1::obstruction}}
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Duplex collecting system is associated with increased risk for {{c1::urinary}} tract infection
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{{c2::Bladder exstrophy}} occurs due to failure of {{c1::caudal}} fold closure of the anterior abdominal wall
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Which regions of the kidney are most vulnerable to hypoxia/ischemia? {{c1::Proximal straight tubule}} and {{c2::thick ascending limb}}
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The ureter arises from the {{c1::renal pelvis}}, then travels past the following structures in the listed order: - travels {{c2::under::over/under?}} …
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The muscle fibers within the intramural part of the ureter help prevent {{c1::vesicoureteral reflux}}
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There are three constrictions of the ureter:1 - {{c1::Ureteropelvic}} junction2 - at the {{c3::Pelvic inlet}}3 - {{c2::Ureterovesical}} junc…
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Posterior urethral valves may be diagnosed prenatally by a(n) {{c1::thick walled}} bladder on ultrasound
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Newborn males with posterior urethral valves may have a(n) {{c1::midline}} mass and {{c2::bi}}lateral hydronephrosis
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The most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male infants is {{c1::posterior urethral valves}}
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Which organ is mostly extraperitoneal?{{c1::Bladder}}
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When performing a suprapubic cystostomy, the surgical tools pierce through the {{c1::anterior abdominal aponeurosis}}
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The blood supply to the proximal ureter comes from the {{c1::renal artery}}
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The blood supply to the distal ureter is the {{c1::superior vesical}} artery
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The blood supply to the middle 1/3 of the ureter is {{c1::variable}}
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In a renal transplant a patient presenting with fever and leakage of urine into the pelvic cavity 5 - 10 days following the transplant most likely has…
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What is the the most common cystic disease in children?{{c1::Renal dysplasia (abnormal development of one or both kidneys)}}
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The posterior urethral valve is made up of a(n) {{c1::wolffian duct}} remnant
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Posterior urethral valve may cause {{c1::oligohydramnios}} due to obstruction of fetal urinary output and severe amniotic fluid reduction
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What angle of ureter insertion into the bladder can predispose to vesicoureteral reflex?{{c1::Perpendicular (90 degree)}}
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The parietal layer of Bowman's capsule has {{c1::simple squamous epithelial}} tissue. The visceral layer has {{c2::podocytes::cell type}}
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The two poles of Bowman's capsule are the {{c1::vascular}} pole and the {{c1::urinary}} pole
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In between the parietal and visceral layers of Bowman's capsule is {{c1::Bowman's space}}
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The nuclei within the circle could belong to {{c1::podocytes, endothelial cells, or mesangial cells::cell types}}
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The capillaries of the glomerulus are {{c1::fenestrated::continuous, fenestrated, or sinusoidal}}
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Find the junction between Bowman's capsule and the PCT{{c1::::}}
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This image shows {{c1::thin limbs of Loop of Henle}}
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These tubules, which have clearly visible lateral borders, are {{c1::collecting tubules/ducts}}
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Renal tubules:{{c1::PCT}} and {{c1::DCT}} will only be seen in the renal cortex{{c2::tDLH}} and {{c2::tALH}} will only be seen in the renal medulla{{c…
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The renal {{c1::cortex::layer}} normally has very little interstitium, but the renal {{c1::medulla::layer}} has a well-developed interstitium
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The purple circle indicates a {{c1::DCT}}, while the red circle indicates a {{c1::PCT}}
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The circled structure is a {{c1::DCT}}
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The circled structure is a {{c1::PCT}}
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Status
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