Notes in Pharm 221

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Published	01/29/2024	{{c1::questions}} <--> {{c2::hypotheses}} <--> {{c3::variables}} <--> {{c4::analysis}}
Published	01/29/2024	Questions{{c1::clinical questions regarding patient careconcern about drug efficacy}}Hypotheses{{c2::hypothesis testingdrug is safe/efficacious}}Varia…
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Published	01/29/2024	What is discrete data?{{c1::Discrete data consists of finite number and countable numbers- basically whole numbers- cannot have 1.5 eggs}}
Published	01/29/2024	What is continuous data?{{c1::Consists of infinitely many values without gaps- can have decimals- BP, weight, etc.}}
Published	01/29/2024	What is nominal data?{{c1::Nominal data cannot be arranged by ranking or order- color- gender- race}}
Published	01/29/2024	What is dichotomous data?{{c1::It is data that exists in one of two possible states- on/off- dead/alive}}
Published	01/29/2024	What is ordinal data?{{c1::Ordinal data can be from narrowly defined categories with an ordered scheme.- cannot define how much more or less one categ…
Published	01/29/2024	What is a continuous interval?{{c1::It is ranked numerical data without a meaningful zero.- if there is a zero it represents something, DOES NOT mean …
Published	01/29/2024	What is continuous ratio data?{{c1::Ranked numerical data that has an absolute zero point- zero represent that there is none- cannot have negative val…
Published	01/29/2024	flavor of boline's tacos?{{c1::nominal}}
Published	01/29/2024	temperature in the rotunda?{{c1::interval}}
Published	01/29/2024	blood oxygen reading?{{c1::ratio}}
Published	01/29/2024	course evaluations?{{c1::ordinal}}
Published	01/29/2024	brain surgery mortality?{{c1::dichotomous}}
Published	01/29/2024	What are confounders?{{c1::An effect that occurs due to an uncontrolled factor- goal of experiment design is to have NO confounders- readers of an exp…
Published	01/29/2024	What is mean?{{c1::- the average value- uses continuous data (interval and ratio)- used for normal data (no outliers)}}
Published	01/29/2024	What is median?{{c1::- the middle value (when listed smallest to largest)- used with continuous data- used when there are clear outliers}}
Published	01/29/2024	What is mode?{{c1::- The value that appears the most- used for non-numerical qualities (ex:color)- DO NOT use for numerical data}}
Published	01/29/2024	What is another name for normal distribution?{{c1::Gaussian distribution (bell curve)- mean = median = mode}}
Published	01/29/2024	Skewed dataPositive skew ({{c2::skewed right}}){{c1::- mean is to the right of median and mode- outliers are on the right side, majority of data is be…
Published	01/29/2024	Kurtosis (means {{c1::curved}})- {{c5::Leptokurtic}} ({{c2::grouped tightly around mean - thin/narrow}})- {{c6::Mesokurtic}} ({{c3::spread moderately …
Published	01/29/2024	Independent vs. Dependent Variables- Independent ({{c1::the aspect changed to see if it has an effect on the dependent variable}})- Dependent ({{c2::t…
Published	01/29/2024	When asking questions how should you phrase them when collecting data?
Published	01/29/2024	Type I Error {{c1::rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true}}{{c1::false positive}}related to {{c1::alpha}}Type II Error&nb…
Published	01/29/2024	Null Hypothesis{{c1::the theory that there isn't a relationship or significance between two sets of data or phenomena}}- when testing we create an {{c…
Published	01/29/2024	Alpha- {{c1::The significance level of a statistical test }}- Measures the probability of {{c1::a Type I error}}- A {{c2::low alpha value}} is de…
Published	01/29/2024	P-Values- The probability of {{c1::the result being true if the null hypothesis was true (how likely is it to happen based on chance alone)}}- calcula…
Published	01/29/2024	Confidence Interval (CI)- {{c1::the range that this result will fall into a margin of assurance ~95%}}- basically the {{c1::inverse of alpha values (C…
Published	01/29/2024	Clinical Significance- {{c1::Is the difference between the two groups enough to cause a clinical impact?(meaningful difference for the patient populat…
Published	01/29/2024	Beta- The probability of a {{c1::type II error occuring}}- Standard beta = {{c1::0.2}}
Published	01/29/2024	Power- The likelihood of {{c1::rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false (being able to detect the true difference)}}- Dependent…
Published	01/29/2024	Sample Size- {{c2::must be calculated by researchers}}- depends on {{c2::alpha, standard deviation, desired power/beta, and size of difference determi…
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Published	01/29/2024	Hypothesis of Superiority◦ Null Hypothesis (H0): {{c1::There is no true difference between the interventions}}◦ Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or HA): {{c…
Published	01/29/2024	One-Tailed vs Two-Tailed Tests- One-Tailed tests are {{c1::directional (if there's a difference and if one is >/< than the others}}> Null: {{…
Published	01/29/2024	What tailed tests are more common?
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Published	01/29/2024	When do we use superiority?◦ {{c1::When there is a decent chance that the difference will be in the direction of inquiry}}◦ {{c1::Superiorit…
Published	01/29/2024	When do we use non-inferiority?◦ {{c1::When a drug needs to be no worse than the health standard - GENERICS}}◦ Frequently used when a drug company is …
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Published	01/29/2024	When do we use equivalence?◦ {{c1::When a generic medication comes on the market and testing needs to be done to show that it is similar in efficacy t…
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