Notes in MP.S2.L03. Infections of the Genitourinary System (by Doc Chuan)

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Published	03/07/2025	What is the most common type of UTI?
Published	03/07/2025	Most common cause of Cystitis?
Published	03/07/2025	Organisms involved in urethritis? (2)
Published	03/07/2025	In men with STD, dysuria due to urethritis is usually localized where?
Published	03/07/2025	Dysuria in men is worsen during the {{c1::first morning void}} and made worse by {{c2::alcohol consumption}}
Published	03/07/2025	Nephritis is characterized with a fever above {{c1::38.3ºC}}
Published	03/07/2025	{{c1::E. coli}} is the most frequent cause of nephritis
Published	03/07/2025	Prostatitis is presents with pain in what areas (3)?{{c1::Lower back}} {{c1::Perirectal area}} {{c1::Testicles}}
Published	03/07/2025	Acutes Prostatitis presents with pain in what symptoms (3)?{{c1::High fever}} {{c1::Chills}} {{c1::Symptoms of bacterial cystitis}}
Published	03/07/2025	Acute prostatitis is more common in {{c1::young::young/elderly/catheterized}} men, whereas Chronic prostatitis is more common in {{c1::elderly/cathete…
Published	03/07/2025	Characateristics of ESCHERICHIA COLIGram-{{c1::negative::postive or negative?}}
Published	03/07/2025	Characateristics of ESCHERICHIA COLI{{c1::Non-sporulating::sporulating or non-sporulating?}}
Published	03/07/2025	Characateristics of ESCHERICHIA COLIAerobic or anaerobic? {{c1::Facultative Anaerobic}}
Published	03/07/2025	Characateristics of ESCHERICHIA COLIMotile or non-motile? {{c1::BOTH}}
Published	03/07/2025	Virulence factors of ESCHERICHIA COLICytotoxic and facilitates tissue invasion: {{c1::HEMOLYSINS}}
Published	03/07/2025	Virulence factors of ESCHERICHIA COLIallows binding to receptors on epithelial cells of the urinary tract, allowing subsequent adherence and colo…
Published	03/07/2025	Antigenic structure of ESCHERICHIA COLI O,H, or KMost external part of the cell wall: {{c1::O}}
Published	03/07/2025	Antigenic structure of ESCHERICHIA COLI O,H, or KHeat-stable lipopolysaccharide; somatic: {{c1::O}}
Published	03/07/2025	Antigenic structure of ESCHERICHIA COLI O,H, or KRepeating units of polysaccharide: {{c1::O}}
Published	03/07/2025	Antigenic structure of ESCHERICHIA COLI O,H, or KResistant to heat and alcohol: {{c1::O}}
Published	03/07/2025	Antigenic structure of ESCHERICHIA COLI O,H, or KUsually detected by agglutination: {{c1::O}}
Published	03/07/2025	Antigenic structure of ESCHERICHIA COLI O,H, or KLocated on flagella: {{c1::H}}
Published	03/07/2025	Antigenic structure of ESCHERICHIA COLI O,H, or KDenatured/removed by heat or alcohol: {{c1::H}}
Published	03/07/2025	Antigenic structure of ESCHERICHIA COLI O,H, or KPreserved by treating motor bacterial variants with formalin: {{c1::H}}
Published	03/07/2025	Antigenic structure of ESCHERICHIA COLI O,H, or KHeat labile: {{c1::K}}
Published	03/07/2025	Antigenic structure of ESCHERICHIA COLI O,H, or KExternal to O antigens (some): {{c1::K}}
Published	03/07/2025	ESCHERICHIA COLI cultureNutrient Agar, Mac Conkey Agar, or Eosin Methylene Blue AgarCultures appear large, thick grayish-white, moist, smooth, opaque,…
Published	03/07/2025	ESCHERICHIA COLI cultureNutrient Agar, Mac Conkey Agar, or Eosin Methylene Blue AgarCultures appear {{c1::pink::color}} (due to {{c2::lactose fermenta…
Published	03/07/2025	ESCHERICHIA COLI cultureNutrient Agar, Mac Conkey Agar, or Eosin Methylene Blue AgarCultures appear with {{c2::green metallic sheen::color}} due to me…
Published	03/07/2025	ESCHERICHIA COLI cultureNutrient Agar, Mac Conkey Agar, or Eosin Methylene Blue AgarMore selective for E. coli, which makes identification easier : {{…
Published	03/07/2025	Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniaeGram - {{c1::negative::postive or negative?}}
Published	03/07/2025	Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniaeLactose fermenting or non-lactose fermenting? {{c1::Lactose-fermenting}}
Published	03/07/2025	Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniaeEncapsulated or nonencapsulated? {{c1::encapsulated}}
Published	03/07/2025	Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniaemotile or non-motile bacilli? {{c1::Non-motile}}
Published	03/07/2025	Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniaeOxidase positve or negative? {{c1::negative}}
Published	03/07/2025	Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniaeAerobic or anaerobic? {{c1::Facultative anaerobe}}
Published	03/07/2025	Virulence factors of Klebsiella pneumoniaeA. Polysaccharide capsuleB. LipopolysaccharidesC. FimbriaeD. SiderophoresMost important …
Published	03/07/2025	Virulence factors of Klebsiella pneumoniaeA. Polysaccharide capsuleB. LipopolysaccharidesC. FimbriaeD. SiderophoresAllows the bact…
Published	03/07/2025	Virulence factors of Klebsiella pneumoniaeA. Polysaccharide capsuleB. LipopolysaccharidesC. FimbriaeD. SiderophoresCoat the outer …
Published	03/07/2025	Virulence factors of Klebsiella pneumoniaeA. Polysaccharide capsuleB. LipopolysaccharidesC. FimbriaeD. SiderophoresAllows the orga…
Published	03/07/2025	Virulence factors of Klebsiella pneumoniaeA. Polysaccharide capsuleB. LipopolysaccharidesC. FimbriaeD. SiderophoresAcquire iron fr…
Published	03/07/2025	Swarming motility is characteristic of what organism gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria?{{c1::Proteus mirabilis/ Proteus spp.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Characteristics of Proteus mirabilisGram positive or negative? {{c1::NEG}}
Published	03/07/2025	Characteristics of Proteus mirabilisSecretion of {{c1::polysaccharide}} allows for attachment and movement along surfaces (e.g., catheters, intravenou…
Published	03/07/2025	Characteristics of Proteus mirabilisUrease positive or negative: {{c1::POS}}
Published	03/07/2025	Most common clinical manifestation of Proteus infection is {{c1::urinary tract infection}}
Published	03/07/2025	It is a gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that causes uncomplicated urinary tract infections in sexually active women? {{c1::Sta…
Published	03/07/2025	S. saprophyticus is differentiated from another coagulase-negative staphylococcus (S. epidermidis) via resistance to {{c1::novobiocin}}
Published	03/07/2025	S. saprophyticus Utilizes {{c1::urease}} to produce {{c2::ammonia}}. However, cannot reduce {{c3::nitrate}}
Published	03/07/2025	Treatment for Uncomplicated infection: {{c2::E.coli}}{{c1::Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole}}
Published	03/07/2025	Treatment for Complicated infection: {{c1::Proteus/ Pseudomonas}}{{c2::Fluoroquinolones}} {{c2::Cephalosporins (3rd generation)}}
Published	03/07/2025	Hepatitis B virus belongs to what family? {{c1::Hepadnaviridae}}
Published	03/07/2025	HBV is known for what unique method of replication? {{c1::Reverse transcription}}
Published	03/07/2025	HBV is a complex a DNA virus composed of outer surface envelope ({{c1::HBsAg::aka?}}) for infection and immune response; and an inner nucleocapsid cor…
Published	03/07/2025	It responsible for replication and survival in the host and allows HBV to persist in the body leading to long term complication (3){{c1::DNA Polymeras…
Published	03/07/2025	Patterns of HBV Immunologically Mediated Renal DiseaseProdromal illness occurs {{c1::before::before/after}} jaundice sets in
Published	03/07/2025	Patterns of HBV Immunologically Mediated Renal Disease{{c1::HBV-Associated Polyarteritis Nodosa}} presents weeks to months after a clinically mil…
Published	03/07/2025	Patterns of HBV Immunologically Mediated Renal DiseaseHBV-Associated Polyarteritis Nodosa: After a prodromal illness, there is an appearance of a…
Published	03/07/2025	Patterns of HBV Immunologically Mediated Renal Disease{{c1::HBV-Associated Membranous Glomerulonephritis (MGN)}}: Causes immune complex depo…
Published	03/07/2025	It is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that can cause chronic hepatitis: {{c1::HEPATITIS C VIRUS}}
Published	03/07/2025	HCV belongs to what family: {{c1::Flavivirdae}}
Published	03/07/2025	Mode of transmission for HCV: {{c1::Receipt of contaminated blood products}} or {{c2::vertical transmission}}
Published	03/07/2025	{{c2::HCV infection}} is common in children with {{c1::end-stage renal disease}}
Published	03/07/2025	{{c1::Cytomegalovirus}} is the largest herpes virus
Published	03/07/2025	Cytomegalovirus is also known as Human Herpes Virus Type {{c1::5}}
Published	03/07/2025	Cytomegalovirus has a {{c2::double-stranded::single-stranded or double-stranded}} {{c3::DNA::RNA or DNA}} core enclosed in an {{c4::icosahedral::helic…
Published	03/07/2025	CMV has the capability to replicate within {{c1::renal}} cells
Published	03/07/2025	{{c1::CMV}}: Most common viral infection after kidney transplantation
Published	03/07/2025	Antiviral agents against CMVDOC: {{c1::Ganciclovir}}Others: (3){{c2::valganciclovir}}, {{c2::foscarnet}}, and {{c2::cidofovir}}
Published	03/07/2025	Histologic changes due to CMV infectionCongenital CMV infection → Viral inclusions: {{c1::tubules}}
Published	03/07/2025	Histologic changes due to CMV infectionProliferative Glomerulonephritis (GN) → Electron microscopy {{c1::(viral immune deposits: glomerular cells)}}
Published	03/07/2025	Histologic changes due to CMV infectionCMV-infected immunocompromised patients → Immune-complex GN: {{c1::mesangial deposits of IgG, IgA, C3, and CMV …
Published	03/07/2025	{{c1::Epstein-barr virus}}: A {{c3::double stranded::single-stranded or double-stranded}} {{c4::DNA::RNA or DNA}} virus that infects {{c2::B lymphocyt…
Published	03/07/2025	{{c1::Acute infectious mononucleosis}}: Renal involvement in EBV infection presenting with abnormal urine sediment, hematuria (microscopic or macrosco…
Published	03/07/2025	{{c1::Fulminant infectious mononucleosis}}: Acute renal failure in EBV infection also presenting with hepatic failure, thrombocytopenia, and encephali…
Published	03/07/2025	Mumps virus is a {{c1::single-stranded::single-stranded or double-stranded}} {{c2::RNA::RNA/DNA}} {{c3::paramyxovirus::Family?}}
Published	03/07/2025	{{c1::Mumps}}: Acute viral infection of childhood that typically involves swelling of one or both {{c2::parotid}} glands, other organs can be inf…
Published	03/07/2025	Mild renal involvement can occur in {{c1::the acute::what}} phase of mumps infection
Published	03/07/2025	Human Polyomaviruses are {{c1::nonenveloped::enveloped or non-enveloped}}, {{c2::circular::helical/ icosahedral / Circular}}, {{c3::double::single or …
Published	03/07/2025	Human Polyomaviruses replicate in the host {{c1::nucleus}}
Published	03/07/2025	Human polyomavirus infection that cause renal dysfunction in renal transplant patients: {{c1::BKV-associated nephropathy}}
Published	03/07/2025	JC Virus (JCV/John Cunningham Virus) can be latent mainly in the {{c1::kidney}}
Published	03/07/2025	Reactivation of JC Virus (JCV/John Cunningham Virus) can cause {{c1::Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy}}
Published	03/07/2025	What type of pathogen is Candida albicans, and what disease does it cause?
Published	03/07/2025	What does it mean that Candida albicans is dimorphic?
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the basic characteristics of Candida albicans yeast cells
Published	03/07/2025	Where is Candida albicans normally found in the human body?
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the yeast form of Candida albicans.
Published	03/07/2025	What are the hyphal and pseudohyphal forms of Candida albicans, and why are they important?
Published	03/07/2025	What is germ tube formation, and why is it significant?
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the cell wall of Candida albicans.
Published	03/07/2025	What is dimorphism in Candida albicans, and why is it important?
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the hyphal form of Candida albicans and its characteristics.
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the pseudohyphal form of Candida albicans and its characteristics.
Published	03/07/2025	How does morphological transition contribute to Candida albicans' pathogenicity?
Published	03/07/2025	How does Candida albicans adhere to and invade host tissues?
Published	03/07/2025	How does Candida albicans evade the host immune system?
Published	03/07/2025	Why is biofilm formation significant in Candida albicans infections?
Published	03/07/2025	How does enzyme production contribute to Candida albicans pathogenicity?
Published	03/07/2025	When are fungal infections of the urinary tract most commonly seen with Candida albicans?
Published	03/07/2025	What parts of the urinary tract can Candida albicans affect? (5)
Published	03/07/2025	What pathological changes occur in the renal parenchyma due to Candida infection? (3)
Published	03/07/2025	What is a serious complication of systemic Candida infection?
Published	03/07/2025	Creamy white lesions in the mouth and tongue associated with Superficial Candida infections
Published	03/07/2025	What are common triggers of Vaginal Candidiasis?
Published	03/07/2025	Cutaneous candidiasis may be described as
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the clinical manifestations of candidemia.
Published	03/07/2025	What organs can be affected by invasive candidiasis?
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the clinical manifestations of Candida UTI.
Published	03/07/2025	What are common risk factors for Candida UTI?
Published	03/07/2025	What are the microscopy methods used to identify Candida albicans?
Published	03/07/2025	What culture media are used to grow Candida albicans, and what is a key feature observed?
Published	03/07/2025	What molecular methods are used to identify Candida albicans?
Published	03/07/2025	What are topical antifungals used for, and what are some examples?
Published	03/07/2025	When are systemic antifungals used, and what are some examples?
Published	03/07/2025	What does supportive care for Candida infections involve?
Published	03/07/2025	What is the critical first step in treating urinary tract candidiasis associated with indwelling catheters?
Published	03/07/2025	Candida Infection Treatment: Urinary Tract Candidiasis What is the treatment for non-obstructing bilateral renal fungal balls?
Published	03/07/2025	Candida Infection Treatment: Urinary Tract CandidiasisWhat is the treatment for obstructing fungal balls?
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