Notes in G34 Histology of Esophagus + Stomach

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Published	11/02/2024	The esophagus is surrounded primarily by {{c1::adventitia, with the distal-most end being surrounded by serosa::adventitia/serosa/both}}
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Published	11/02/2024	The stomach is surrouned by {{c1::serosa}} as it's most external layer
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Published	11/02/2024	The principal layers of the digestive tract from lumen out are {{c1::the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia/serosa}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The digestive tract mucosa can be subdivided into {{c1::the epithelial lining, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae (muscularis interna)}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The epithelial lining of the mucosa of the digestive tract serves to:{{c1::Form a selectively permeable barrierAbsorb and digest foodProduce hormonesP…
Published	11/02/2024	Lymphoid tissue of the GI system can be found in the {{c1::lamina propria}} of the {{c1::mucosal}} layer and are termed {{c1::GALTs}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The muscularis mucosa (aka {{c1::muscularis interna}}) is a part of the {{c1::mucosal}} layer of the digestive tract.
Published	11/02/2024	The muscularis interna is a layer of {{c1::smooth muscle}} cells oriented {{c1::circumferntially (inner layer) and longitudinally (outer layer)}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The muscularis interna serves to {{c1::allow for mucosa movment independent of digestive tract movement}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The submucosal layer of the GI tract is deep to the {{c1::muscularis interna (mucosae) of the mucosa}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The submucosal layer of the GI tract (general).General structures: {{c1::blood vessels, lymph vessels, glands, and GALT (all vary depending on locatio…
Published	11/02/2024	The muscularis externa lies external to the {{c1::submucosa}} of the GI tract.
Published	11/02/2024	The muscularis externa.Primary cells: {{c1::smooth muscle (with the exception of the proximal esophagus)}} Structure: {{c1::circullarly oriented (inne…
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c3::muscularis externa}} of the {{c1::stomach}} is unique in that it contains {{c2::an additional oblique smooth muscle layer}}.
Published	11/02/2024	A key histological finding in the muscularis externa of the GI tract is the {{c1::myenteric/Auerbach nerve plexus between the layers of smooth muscle}…
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::Auerbach}} plexus is located in the {{c2::muscularis externa}} whereas the {{c1::meissner}} plexus is located in the {{c2::submucosa}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The adventitia/serosa of the GI tract is the {{c1::outermost}} layer. It is composed primarily of {{c1::loose}} CT.
Published	11/02/2024	GI serosa is referred to as adventitia when {{c1::there is no clear demarcation from its connective tissue and the surrounding bodily CT}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Intraperitoneal organ serosa are lined by {{c1::mesothelium, ie the visceral layers of the peritoneum}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The intrinsic neurons of the GI tract are part of the {{c1::enteric}} nervous system.
Published	11/02/2024	The extrinsic processes within the GI tract layers are from the {{c1::autonomic}} nervous system.Sympathetic {{c1::post}}ganglionic processesParasympa…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::Peristalsis is initiated and::action}} is controlled by the {{c1::Auerbach/myenteric plexus}} of the {{c1::ENS}}.
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::GI secretions, absorption, and mucosal motility}} are controlled by {{c1::the submucosal (meissner's) }} plexus of the {{c1::ENS}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The esophagus connects the {{c1::oropharynx}} to the {{c1::stomach}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The epithelial lining of the esophagus is {{c1::non-keratinized, stratified, squamous}} epithelium.
Published	11/02/2024	Is the eosphageal lining keratinized?{{c1::Generally no, but it can be if subjected to course diets.}}
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c2::lamina propria}} of the {{c3::esophagus}} contains {{c1::esophageal cardiac}} glands.
Published	11/02/2024	Esophageal cardiac glands can be found at the {{c1:: proximal and distal portions}} of the esophagus within {{c1::the lamina propria}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Esophageal cardiac glands are {{c1::simple tubular mucous::structure and function}} glands.
Published	11/02/2024	The muscularis mucosae of the esophagus is {{c1::often absent from the proximal portion and oriented primarily longitudinally::orientation}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The submucosa of the esophagus is composed of {{c1::dense irregular}} CT with an abundance of {{c1::collagen and elastin::CT element}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::submucosa}} of the esophagus contains {{c2::esophageal proper glands}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Esophageal proper glands are {{c1::compound tubuloalveolar mucous::structure and function}} glands.
Published	11/02/2024	The muscularis externa of the esophagus changes throughout its length roughly {{c1::every ⅓ of the distance}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The upper third of the esophagus's muscularis externa is composed of {{c1::skeletal mm. fibers continuous with the skeletal mm of the pharynx}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The middle third esophageal muscularis externa is composed of {{c1::smooth muscles that begin to displace skeletal muscle internally}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The distal third of the esophageal muscularis externa is composed of {{c1::only smooth muscle}}.
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Auerbach plexuses}} can be visualized {{c2::throughout the entire length}} of the esophagus's muscularis externa.
Published	11/02/2024	The outermost layer of the esophagus is mostly {{c1::adventitia}} with only the {{c1::distal most portion}} forming {{c1::serosa}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Chronic GERD can result in {{c1::metaplasia}} of the esophagus. This manifests as {{c1::a replacement of stratified squamous epithelium by simple colu…
Published	11/02/2024	Is the stomach an endocrine or an exocrine gland?{{c1::both}}
Published	11/02/2024	Acidified food forms a viscous mass in the stomach referred to as {{c1::chyme}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Glands of the cardia of the stomach primarily produce {{c1::mucus and lysozyme}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The fundus and body of the stomach are histologically {{c1::identical}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Glands of {{c2::the fundus and body}} of the stomach produce {{c1::acidic gastric juices}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The glands of the pylorus primarily produce {{c1::mucus, lysozyme, and gastrin}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The epithelial lining of the stomach is {{c1::simple columnar}} epithelium composed of {{c1::surface mucous}} cells.
Published	11/02/2024	Stomach mucus is highly {{c1::alkaline::pH}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Stomach epithelial turnover rates are roughly every {{c1::3-5 days}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The gastric glands of the stomach are located primarily in the {{c1::lamina propria::layer}} at the base of {{c1::gastric pits (faveolae)}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Gastric pits (aka {{c1::faveolae}}) form as {{c1::regular invaginations of the epithelial lining into the lamina propria}}.
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::1-7::#}} glands open into the bottom of each gastric pit.
Published	11/02/2024	The stomach contains {{c1::three}} types of glands:{{c1::cardiacgastric (fundic)pyloric}}
Published	11/02/2024	Of the stomach glands, the least numerous are the {{c1::cardiac}} glands.
Published	11/02/2024	Of the stomach glands, the shortest are {{c1::cardiac}} glands.
Published	11/02/2024	The most numerous stomach glands (and the largest) are the {{c1::gastric}} glands.
Published	11/02/2024	The pyloric glands resemble {{c1::the cardiac}} glands.
Published	11/02/2024	Gastric glands tend to be {{c1::straight, tubluar, and branched::structure}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The junction between the {{c2::gastric glands}} and {{c2::their gastric pit}} is termed the {{c1::isthmus of the gland}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Below the gastric gland isthmus is the {{c1::gland neck}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The largest portion of gastric glands is termed the {{c1::gland base}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Gastric glands contain {{c1::5}} cells types in their parenchyma:{{c1::Stem cellsMucous neck cellsParietal (oxyntic) cellsChief cells (aka peptic/zymo…
Published	11/02/2024	The stem cells of the gastric glands can be found lining {{c1::the isthmus and neck regions}}. They are {{c1::highly proliferative}} and can give rise…
Published	11/02/2024	Mucous neck cells. Location: {{c1::neck of the gastric gland}}Shape: {{c1::short, round nucleus}} Distinguishing characteristics: {{c1::apical secreto…
Published	11/02/2024	Parietal cells (aka {{c1::oxyntic cells}})  Location: {{c1::the neck and upper segment of gastric glands}}Shape: {{c1::large and spherical}}…
Published	11/02/2024	Intrinsic factor is a {{c1::glycoprotein::biomolecule class}} essential for {{c1::vitamin B12 absorption}}. A lack of intrinsic factor manifests as {{…
Published	11/02/2024	Chief cells (stomach) (aka {{c1::peptic or zymogenic cells}})Location: {{c1::the lower third of the gastric gland}}Distinguishing features: {{c1::stro…
Published	11/02/2024	Enteroendocrine cells (stomach).Location: {{c1::the base of the gastric glands}}Function: {{c1::a part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system}} Dis…
Published	11/02/2024	Cardiac and pyloric glands primarily secrete {{c1::mucus and lysozyme}} and they lack {{c1::parietal and chief}} cells.
Published	11/02/2024	The submucosa of the stomach. Connective tissue: {{c1::dense CT}} Functional structures: {{c1::no unique structures, some GALT}}Primary cells: {{…
Published	11/02/2024	The fibers of the muscularis externa layers of the stomach are oriented as follows:Inner: {{c1::obliquely}}Middle: {{c1::circumferntially}}Outer: {{c1…
Published	11/02/2024	Which layer of the stomach's muscularis externa expands to form the pyloric sphinchter?{{c1::The middle circumferential layer}}
Published	11/02/2024	Contractions of the stomach's {{c1::muscularis externa::tissue layer}} serves to {{c2::churn food for digestion}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The region of the stomach that has the highest pit depth:gland depth is the {{c1::pylorus}}, followed by the {{c1::cardia}}, followed by the {{c1::fun…
Published	11/02/2024	Chronic gastritis, chronic duodenal ulcers, and chronic gastric ulcers are most commonly the result of {{c1::helicobacter pylori}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Gastrin induces the release of {{c1::HCl}} from {{c1::parietal}} cells in the stomach.
Published	11/02/2024	The lighter colored cells: {{c1::parietal cells}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::proximal esophagus}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::gastric enteroendocrine cells}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::esophagus}}
Published	11/02/2024	Gastric pits {{c1::are not::are/arenot}} the same thing as ducts.
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::enteroendrocrine cells}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::parietal cells (tons of mitochondria)}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::chief/peptic/zymogenic cells}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::gastric enteroendocrine cell}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::auerbach's plexus}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::meissner's plexus in the submucosa of the colon}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::cardiac orifice}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::enteroendocrine cell near to a fenestrated capillary}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::surface mucous cell}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::gastric pit}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::parietal cell}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::pylorus}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::body/fundus of the stomach}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::cardia}}
Published	11/02/2024	What is produced in each region of the stomach?Cardia: {{c1::mainly mucous and lysozyme, some parietal cells}}body: {{c1::full range of gastric enzyme…
Published	11/02/2024	The proximal third of the esophageal muscularis mucosa contains {{c1::only smooth muscle}}.
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