Notes in Exam II

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Published	12/03/2024	What are the 3 types of muscle, and their primary purposes? Are they striated or not?
Published	09/20/2024	Of the three types of muscle cells, order them from biggest to smallest in size per cell.
Published	09/20/2024	Which type of muscle is multinucleated with peripheral nuclei?
Published	09/20/2024	From cell to gross anatomy, what is the organization of a muscle?
Published	09/20/2024	What are the three types of muscle connective tissue, and what do they cover?
Published	09/20/2024	What are the two components of a myofilament, and which is thick vs. thin?
Published	09/20/2024	What is a sarcomere, and what defines it's margins?
Published	09/20/2024	What is the structural importance of the Z-line?
Published	09/20/2024	From left to right, what are the components of the actin myofilament, and what is their purpose? (If applicable)
Published	09/20/2024	What is the region of innervation on a Myocyte called?
Published	09/20/2024	What is the immediate action that occurs when Ach receptors are activated in the neuromuscular junction?
Published	09/20/2024	What occurs to the sarcoplasmic reticulum after depolarization? What is required to reset after that occurs?
Published	09/20/2024	What is the action of a T-tubule, and where is it located?
Published	12/03/2024	After calcium is released into skeletal muscle cytoplasm, what are the 6 steps for contraction and reset?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two major "twitch" types of muscle fiber? What are the differences between them?
Published	12/03/2024	What are intercalated disks? What are their specialized gap junctions called, and what do they do?
Published	12/03/2024	Broadly, what are Purkinje fibers, and what is their specialized purpose?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two major differences in contraction of cardiac muscle vs. our "standard" skeletal muscle contraction?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two layers of smooth muscle seen below? The lumen is off to the right.
Published	12/03/2024	In what two major ways do smooth muscle cells act on their adjacent cells? How?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the term for the slow, even contraction of smooth muscle?
Published	12/03/2024	When muscle tissue is damaged, the cells don't regenerate or proliferate. What takes their place in that space, and what makes up for that loss in str…
Published	12/03/2024	What are the support cells within the nervous system called?
Published	12/03/2024	Where can grey matter be found? (3)
Published	12/03/2024	What is the term for the multilayered membrane surrounding our CNS? What are the three layers?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the 5 types of neuroglia?
Published	12/03/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3874:top=.0463:width=.1294:height=.0283:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2917:top=.1111:width=.1312:height=.021…
Published	12/03/2024	What is the general term for any tissue that isn't a neuron (Within neural tissue)
Published	12/03/2024	What target cell structures can an axon interface with? (3)
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two directions of axoplasmic flow?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the segments of myelination made of in the CNS and PNS? What are the gaps between these called?
Published	12/03/2024	What does the branching nature of dendrites accomplish?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the interface between neurons called? And what is the small space between the cells called?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three categories of neurotransmitters, and how do they influence depolarization?
Published	12/03/2024	Depolarization of the terminal axon causes Ca+ to enter the neuron. From here, what are the 3 steps before depolarization of the next neuron? How is a…
Published	12/03/2024	What are the 4 main functions of an astrocyte? (Excluding structural support)
Published	12/03/2024	What is the primary function of microglia?
Published	12/03/2024	What structure is this? What type of cell is found here? Where can it be found?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the primary function of ependymal cells?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the term for action potential "jumping" from node to node of an axon? Why is this significant?
Published	12/03/2024	At what structures on the axon does saltatory conduction take place? What channels are present that contribute to this?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the term for nervous signals traveling towards and away from the CNS?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three levels of connective tissue within and surrounding a nerve?
Published	12/03/2024	Why do myelin sheathes appear colorless under standard H&E histology?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the role of the afferent ends--or receptors--of the PNS?
Published	12/03/2024	Some sensory nerves innervate muscles or tendons, and send signals as movement or changes in tension occurs. This is also known as {{c1::conscious pro…
Published	12/03/2024	What is the only neurotransmitter used within the motor end plate of a motor nerve?
Published	12/03/2024	A {{c1::motor unit}} is the term for all the {{c2::muscle fibers innervated by a single neuron.}}
Published	12/03/2024	Neuronal cell bodies make up {{c1::10}}% of the CNS, while glial cells make up the other {{c1::90}}%
Published	12/03/2024	What makes up grey matter, and what makes up white matter?
Published	12/03/2024	Both the cerebrum and cerebellum have grooves called {{c1::sulci}}, but their ridges are named differently. For {{c2::cerebrum}}, they're called {{c1:…
Published	12/03/2024	From superficial to deep, what are the three visible layers of cerebellar cortex?
Published	12/03/2024	In an animal with cerebellar hypoplasia, what function is impaired?
Published	12/03/2024	In the gray butterfly found in the spinal cord, which horns(dorsal or ventral) contribute to motor function vs. sensory function?
Published	12/03/2024	An easy way to determine orientation of the spinal cord is to look for the ventral {{c1::medial fissure}}
Published	12/03/2024	Cerebrospinal fluid is always being produced within the CNS, where is it resorbed to maintain appropriate volumes?
Published	12/03/2024	Where is cerebrospinal fluid formed? What is it formed by? (tissue and cells)
Published	12/03/2024	There are three potential layers of a blood vessel. The inner-most layer is the {{c1::tunica intima}}, which is comprised of {{c2::endothelium}} …
Published	12/03/2024	From largest to smallest, what are the three major categories of arteries by size/structure?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two unique features of Large/elastic arteries?
Published	12/03/2024	What structures allow for blood and nerve supply of large arteries?
Published	12/03/2024	What tissue/structure within large/elastic arteries allows for smooth/continuous blood pressure between heartbeats?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the unique feature of the small(muscular) arteries? Why is this important?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the importance of arterioles? What controls them?
Published	12/03/2024	What two layers make up a capillary usually?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three specialized types of capillaries?
Published	12/03/2024	While arteries are under constant pressure from the heart, veins aren't. As such, they require {{c1::valves}} to keep blood flowing in the right direc…
Published	12/03/2024	Under histology, how can you tell the difference between an artery and a vein?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the unique features of a venule?
Published	12/03/2024	What structure begins appearance in medium veins, and becomes more prevalent in larger ones?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the venous equivalent to an arteriole?
Published	12/03/2024	What is an arteriovenous shunt?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two primary sensory receptors in vessels, and what do they do?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the 3 layers of heart tissue?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two main structures we would find within the myocardium discussed in this class?
Published	12/03/2024	Does endocardium differ from endothelium?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the function of the lymph vessels?
Published	12/03/2024	What type of vessels are important for lipid absorption in the small intestine?
Published	12/03/2024	Determine whether the following factors determine flow of fluids into or out of vesselsIntravascular osmotic pressure - {{c1::Flow…
Published	12/03/2024	What are the four primary events that occur to gasses during respiration?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the four main types of cells/tissues found within respiratory epithelium?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the 3 types of epithelium we would observe within the nasal cavity?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the purposes of the nasal fossae?
Published	12/03/2024	What are olfactory cells?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the purpose of olfactory glands?
Published	12/03/2024	What 2 ventillation regions are unique in that they contain stratified squamous epithelium in addition to respiratory epithelium?
Published	12/03/2024	What types of cartilage can be found within the larynx?
Published	12/03/2024	Within the larynx, which two structures are covered with stratified squamous epithelium rather than respiratory epithelium?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the 3 layers of tissue within the trachea?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the notable structures within the mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia of the trachea?
Published	12/03/2024	What muscle connects the two ends of the C-shaped trachea?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three levels of bronchus differentiation?
Published	12/03/2024	As the size of bronchi decreases, the amount of cartilage present {{c1::decreases}}, and surface area {{c1::increases}}
Published	12/03/2024	What changes occur to the respiratory epithelium as the bronchi shrink into bronchioles, and bronchioles to alveoli?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the primary histologic landmark to determine between bronchi vs bronchioles?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the transitional structure between bronchioles and alveoli?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the difference between alveolar ducts and alveoli/alveolar sacs?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two types of cell within the alveolar epithelium? How can you tell them apart histologically?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the function of Type I vs Type II alveolar cells?
Published	12/03/2024	What force drives gas exchange across an alveolus?
Published	12/03/2024	What two immune/inflammatory cells are present in alveoli?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three components of the interalveolar septum, specifically between the alveoli and the blood?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two types of pleura discussed in this class, and what can be found between them?
Published	12/03/2024	The trachea and it's regions vary greatly between mammals and birds. Firstly, the trachea has {{c1::complete cartilaginous rings}}. Secondly, they lac…
Published	12/03/2024	In birds, air isn't transported to/from and stored within the lungs, what structure do they have instead?
Published	12/03/2024	What regions of the kidney can a single nephron be found?
Published	12/03/2024	Describe the flow of urine from afferent arteriole to ureter
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two poles of the glomerular capsule? What connects to them?
Published	12/03/2024	What cell acts as the filter of the glomerular rete?
Published	12/03/2024	How many times is the body's volume of plasma filtered through the rete?
Published	12/03/2024	What acts as the filtration "capillary" bed of the glomerulus?
Published	12/03/2024	What epithelium types will you encounter on your journey through the nephron loop and convoluted tubules? In order
Published	12/03/2024	What specialized cells make up the juxtaglomerular(JG) apparatus? What structures are each on/in?
Published	12/03/2024	What structure is associated with the distal convoluted tubule & arteroiles, which allows for easy identification?
Published	12/03/2024	After leaving the glomerulus, the efferent arteriole becomes the {{c1::vasa recta}}, which is important for {{c2::resorbing filtrates from the nephron…
Published	12/03/2024	What nervous control is exerted on the kidneys?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the defining characteristics of the ureter histologically?
Published	12/03/2024	What tissue type lines the mucosa of the urinary tract?
Published	12/03/2024	Is the transfer of filtrates from the glomerulus to urinary space passive or active? What allows for this?
Published	12/03/2024	Where does the majority of filtrate resorption occur in the nephron?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two physiologic methods of activating the juxtaglomerular apparatus?What symptom is this usually associated with?
Published	12/03/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1429:top=.5168:width=.0486:height=.0347}}{{c5::image-occlusion:rect:left=.64:top=.4169:width=.0862:height=.0554}}{{c5…
Published	12/03/2024	What effect does PTH and calcitonin have on the collecting duct of the kidney?
Published	12/03/2024	{{c1::Erythropoietin}} and {{c1::Prostaglandin E3}} are both produced in {{c3::interstitial cells}}. {{c1::Erythropoietin}} stimulates {{c3:…
Published	12/03/2024	{{c1::Vitamin D3}} is produced by {{c2::proximal tubules}}, and regulates {{c2::calcium absorption}} in the {{c2::intestines}}
Published	12/03/2024	{{c1::Prostaglandin E3}} hormone is essential in maintaining {{c2::glomerular filtration rate}}
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