Notes in Radiation Safety

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Published	11/27/2024	Do isotones belong to different chemical elements? Give examples
Published	11/29/2024	What do isotones have in common?
Published	11/27/2024	Isobars belong to .... elements, and present, ..... mass. Give examples.
Published	11/27/2024	What are isobars?
Published	11/27/2024	What defines the atomic number?
Published	11/27/2024	What are isotopes? Give examples
Published	11/27/2024	Take the ß-  stability curve. explain it and talk about each side of the curve.
Published	11/27/2024	Is common to have p-n, even-even or odd-odd, what about one of each?
Published	11/27/2024	Why is the mass from the atomic nucleus always smaller than the sum?
Published	11/27/2024	How do energy and mass correlate?
Published	11/27/2024	alpha radiation is ..... binding. it is on the ...... row of the periodic table.
Published	11/27/2024	A> .... are alpha unstable
Published	11/27/2024	how many types of alpha spectra are there ? Describe them.
Published	11/27/2024	What happens in the emission of ß- particle? To the atomic number and number of mass. What forms/ is created?
Published	11/27/2024	What happens in the emission of a positron, is it ß+ or -?
Published	11/27/2024	gamma radiation, there is .... in the and the number of mass...; gamma radiation often accompanies.....; it is .... penetrating eletromagnetic radiati…
Published	11/27/2024	When does neutron radiation occur? Is there direct interaction with the electron shells?
Published	11/27/2024	Is proton radiation common? What happens in electron capture?
Published	11/27/2024	Bremsstrahlung. is it direct nuclear radiation?? What happens to the ß particle? And what happens when the atomic number is higher?
Published	11/27/2024	alpha consists of .... particles, beta..... particles and gama ....
Published	11/27/2024	Desintegration of radioactive nuclei (forrmula)
Published	11/27/2024	What is lambda in the formula for disintigration?
Published	11/27/2024	Interaction between alpha radiation and matter, are they strong or weak, and what about the range? Is there a consequence to the radiation?
Published	11/27/2024	Interactions between ß- and matter. How is the ionising radiation, strong or weak? How much lower or higher is it than alpha? What happens in the fina…
Published	11/27/2024	What types of energy loos is there in ß radiation with matter?
Published	11/27/2024	Interactions between gamma and matter, what are the three effects/mecanisms? Describe them
Published	11/27/2024	Interactions between neutrons and matter how is it ? describe, what are the main mechanisms
Published	11/27/2024	ß density and range
Published	11/27/2024	energy relations for indirectly ionising radiation? for the 3 effects
Published	11/27/2024	what are the symbols and units of activity, ion dose, energy dose, and equivalent dose?
Published	11/27/2024	What is effective dose and what does it consider? Is it a stochastic radiation effect?
Published	11/27/2024	measurement of nuclear radiation, low voltage, medium voltage, high voltage. choose between ionization chamber, proportional counter, geiger-mueller c…
Published	11/27/2024	Liquid scintillation counting, what does it measure (type of radiation), what about the sensitivity? what type of measurements? high/low?
Published	11/29/2024	What is the difference between Alpha and Beta decay?
Published	11/29/2024	What is the difference between gamma and alpha-beta radiation?
Published	11/29/2024	Describe the three main mechanisms of gamma rad-matter interaction
Published	11/29/2024	Why are neutrons considered an indirect ionizing radiation? What do they do in comparison with directly ionizing radiation?
Published	11/29/2024	What is the difference between the absorbed dose and the equivalent dose?
Published	11/29/2024	What is the ALARA principle and what does ALARA stand for?
Published	11/29/2024	Name three methods for protecting from external radiation
Published	11/29/2024	Describe the main characteristics of Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones
Published	11/29/2024	What is the Atomic Number and how is it represented?
Published	11/29/2024	What is the mass number and how is it represented?
Published	11/29/2024	What is a nuclide chart and why is it of utility?
Published	11/29/2024	What is the line of stability in a nuclide chart? What trends does it show when it comes to isotopes outside from the line?
Published	11/29/2024	What is the most stable combination of p+ and neutrons in nuclides? Why?
Published	11/29/2024	What is the formula to define the mass of a nuclide?
Published	11/29/2024	What is the mass defect?
Published	11/29/2024	Describe the main characteristics of alpha radiation
Published	11/29/2024	Describe the main characteristics of beta- radiation
Published	11/29/2024	Describe the main characteristics of beta+ radiation
Published	11/29/2024	Describe the main characteristics of gamma rad
Published	11/29/2024	Describe the main characteristics of proton radiation
Published	11/29/2024	Describe the main characteristics of e- capture
Published	11/29/2024	What is the half-life?
Published	11/29/2024	What do the interactions between neutrons and matter consist of?
Published	11/29/2024	What's the difference between elastic/inelastic impacts and neutron capturing in the interactions between neutrons and matter?
Published	11/29/2024	What's the difference between directly and indirectly ionising radiation?
Published	11/29/2024	Classify the following types of radiation in directly/indirectly ionising: alpha, beta, gamma, neutron
Published	11/29/2024	What's the difference between the equivalent and the effective dose?
Published	11/29/2024	What are WT and WR in the measurement of ionization?
Published	11/29/2024	What are the WR reference values for the different kinds of radiation?
Published	11/29/2024	What does solid-state scintillation counting consists of?
Published	11/29/2024	What is liquid scintillation counting particularly useful for? Why?
Published	11/29/2024	Name which kind of radiation is each detector type (Ionizing chamber, protoportional counter, Geiger-Müller counter, scintillation counter and semicon…
Published	11/29/2024	What tissues/structures have the highest and lowest Wt in an approximate scale?
Published	11/29/2024	What's the dose limit in Germany in Sv/year?
Published	11/29/2024	What's the annual dose limits in terms of effective and organ equivalent dose (in eye lens and skin)?
Published	11/29/2024	Name the different radiation protected areas and their ranges of effective dose
Published	11/29/2024	What's the difference of direct/indirect interactions of radiation with molecules?
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