Notes in Dyslipidemias LECTURE 25

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Published	01/07/2025	arcus senilis? (Corneal arcus)corneal arcus; present in >50% of patients {{c1::>50}}can be a sign of {{c1::dyslipidaemia}} in patients <…
Published	01/07/2025	What are lipoproteins?What is their function?What do they contain?fats do not mix with {{c1::water}}lipoprotein molecules carry {{c1::fat}} in bl…
Published	01/07/2025	structure of lipoproteinssurface:(free) {{c1::cholesterol}}- {{c1::apolipoproteins}}- {{c1::phospholipid}}core:- {{c1::cholesterol}}- {{c1::triglyceri…
Published	01/07/2025	lipoprotein subtypes (5){{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	basic cholesterol pathway{{c1::precursor}} = Acetyl-CoAwhich is metabolised to {{c1::HMG-CoA}}metabolised to {{c1::Mevalonate}}by enzyme {{c…
Published	01/07/2025	exogenous pathway: how lipids are transported from {{c1::gut to liver}}dietary fats transported from gut in {{c1::Chylomicrons}}triglyceride comp…
Published	01/07/2025	endogenous pathway (how cholesterol moves from {{c1::liver to tissues)}}liver produces {{c1::VLDL and LDL}}{{c1::triglyceride}} component of…
Published	01/07/2025	reverse pathway (how cholesterol moves from {{c1::tissues back to liver}})some free cholesterol in tissues is taken up into {{c1::HDL}}This is th…
Published	01/07/2025	what is the 'ideal' lipid profile?:total cholesterol:{{c1::low LDL}}{{c1::high HDL}}{{c1::low total/HDL}} ratio{{c1::low triglyceride}}
Published	01/07/2025	causes of secondary dyslipidaemia{{c1::diabetes}} mellitus - most common{{c1::hyperthyroidism}}{{c1::chronic kidney}} disease{{c1::chronic l…
Published	01/07/2025	primary dyslipidaemia (genetic predisposition)abnormal lipoprotein {{c1::structure}}abnormal lipoprotein {{c1::receptors}}
Published	01/07/2025	chylomicronsdeliver {{c1::triglycerides and cholesterol}} from the {{c1::intestines}}
Published	01/07/2025	VLDL- stands for?- deliver triglycerides from? to?{{c1::very-low-density lipoproteins}}{{c1::deliver triglycerides from the liver to the tissues}}
Published	01/07/2025	LDL- stands for?- deliver cholesterol from? to?{{c1::low density lipoproteins}}{{c1::deliver cholesterol from the liver to the tissues}}
Published	01/07/2025	HDL- stands for?- deliver cholesterol from? to?- what pathway is this?{{c1::high density lipoproteins}}{{c1::deliver cholesterol from the tissues to t…
Published	01/07/2025	fredrickson classification (commonest){{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	familial hypercholesterolaemia: {{c1::Type IIa}}-genetic inheritance-why does this happen?-cholestrol levels-when do we consider diagnosis-TG-Causes..…
Published	01/07/2025	triglyceride = {{c1::ester}}
Published	01/07/2025	lipoprotein (a) = highly {{c1::atherogenic}}
Published	01/07/2025	which aspect of the basic cholesterol pathway is rate limiting?{{c1::HMG-CoA Reductase}}
Published	01/07/2025	reference rangestotal cholesterol: {{c1::< 5.0 mmol/L}}LDL cholesterol: {{c1::< 3.0 mmol/L}}HDL cholesterol: {{c1::>1.5 mmol/L…
Published	01/07/2025	familial combined hyperlipidaemia: Type IIb-inheritance-cholestrol-TG-what happens?-how?-causes...10% of population - autosomal {{c1::dominant}}modera…
Published	01/07/2025	familial hypertriglyceridaemia: Type IV-Cholestrol levels-HDL-TG (elevated/risk)-cause...{{c1::1}}% of populationelevated {{c1::triglycerides}} (…
Published	01/07/2025	familial hyperlipidaemias Types I and III - very uncommonType I: Hyper{{c1::chylo}}micromaemiadue to deficiency of {{c1::lipoproteins lipase}} (a…
Published	01/07/2025	what is Xanthelasmata?{{c1::Xanthomas}} around the eyeXanthomas = {{c1::lipid deposits on skin}}usually lipid-laden {{c1::macrophages}}
Published	01/07/2025	what is the most common skin manifestation of hyperlipidaemia?{{c1::Xanthelasmata}}
Published	01/07/2025	where can Xanthomas manifest?{{c1::Tendon}} Xanthomas: on tendons e.g. Achilles tendon{{c1::Palmar}} Xanthomas: in creases of hands
Published	01/07/2025	Palmar Xanthomas are specific to {{c1::familial dysbetalipoproteinemia}} (Type III)
Published	01/07/2025	what are eruptive xanthomas?- What is it?- Where on the body?{{c1::reddish bumps - appear suddenly}}{{c1::on elbows/forearms/trunk/legs/buttocks}}seen…
Published	01/07/2025	management of hyperlipidaemia - lifestylesaerobic {{c1::exercise}}{{c1::smoking}} cessation{{c1::alcohol}} moderation{{c1::weight}} opt…
Published	01/07/2025	what is the ideal BMI?{{c1::18.5-25 kg/m2)}}
Published	01/07/2025	management of hyperlipidaemia - class of drugs: {{c1::statins}}Core drugs: first line for most patients with elevated cholesterol: {{c1::Ato…
Published	01/07/2025	what are the other benefits of statins?lower {{c1::cholesterol}} and inflammatory {{c1::cytokine}} levels in atherosclerotic plaquesreduce&n…
Published	01/07/2025	statins for primary preventionpro: reduce risks of {{c1::adverse events}} in higher risk patientscons: medicating {{c1::'well'}} patients
Published	01/07/2025	side effects of statins:{{c1::muscle pain}} (myalgia){{c1::rhabdomylosis}} (dangerous muscle breakdown){{c1::joint pains}} (arthralgia)…
Published	01/07/2025	what are the UK risk scoring system? DYSLIPIDEMIA{{c1::Q-Risk}}
Published	01/07/2025	NICE: statins for primary preventionrecommended if 10yr risk of CV disease is {{c1::>10%}}using {{c1::Q-risk}} scorecheck lipids at {{c1::3 mo…
Published	01/07/2025	which other drug can be used for dyslipidaemias?- why are they not as common?- used in what patients?{{c1::fibrates}}
Published	01/07/2025	fibrates-core drug-use-m.o.afirst line for patients with {{c1::very high TGs}} CORE DRUG: {{c1::Bezafibrate}}activate {{c1::lipoprotein lipase}}&…
Published	01/07/2025	side effects of fibrates{{c1::myalgia}}/rhabdomyolysis{{c1::GI}} disturbances
Published	01/07/2025	how can GI absorption be reduced? 1-core drug-mechanism of action-Effects-Side-effectsusing {{c1::bile salt sequestrants}} CORE DRUG: - {{c1…
Published	01/07/2025	how can GI absorption be reduced? 2-core drug-mechanism of action-effects-use-side-effectsCORE DRUG: {{c1::Ezetimibe}}selectively inhibits {{c1::chole…
Published	01/07/2025	DYSLIPIDEMIA:other drugs (in LOs) -  but not commonly used
Published	01/07/2025	what is PCSK9 inhibition?-M.O.A-Core drug-Side effects-UsesPCSK9 = {{c1::circulating enzyme}} (binds to LDL receptor and reduces its clearance)PC…
Published	01/07/2025	which drug is an add on to statins?{{c1::ezetimibe}}
Published	01/07/2025	5% of population - autosomal dominantmutations lead to absence/low levels of LDL receptorsvery high LDL cholesterol (not taken up by tissues…
Published	01/07/2025	Xanthelasmata is the most common manifestation of which skin condition?
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