Notes in 16.1Plasmodium

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::schizogony}} - Plasmodium asexual reproduction
Published	07/30/2024	Infective stage of Plasmodium to mosquitoes: {{c1::gametocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Significant Plasmodium spp.{{c1::falcifarum, vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi::5}}
Published	07/30/2024	The asexual cycle of plasmodium occurs in {{c1::humans}}
Published	07/30/2024	The sexual cycle of plasmodium occurs in {{c1::mosquito}}
Published	07/30/2024	Schizogony produces {{c1::merozoites}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Schizont}} - malaria parasite which has matured and contains many merozoites
Published	07/30/2024	Sexual cycle of Plasmodium: {{c1::Sporogony}}
Published	07/30/2024	Plasmodium mode of transmission: saliva of Anopheles containing {{c1::sporozoites}} injected into the blood
Published	07/30/2024	The final host of Plasmodium is the {{c1::mosquito}}
Published	07/30/2024	Upon entry in a human, sporozoites go into {{c1::liver}} cell, infecting it and multiplying, forming a {{c2::schizont}} which matures, bursts, and rel…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Merozoites}} infect {{c2::RBC}}s
Published	07/30/2024	In the erythrocytic cycle, you may observe the {{c1::immature trophoziote}} or {{c1::the ring stage/form}}
Published	07/30/2024	An {{c2::immature throphozoite}} matures into either a {{c1::male/female gametocyte}} or a {{c1::schizont (produces more merozoites)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mosquitos ingest the plasmodium {{c1::gametocytes::stage}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the mosquito, {{c1::Macrogametes (female)}} + {{c1::microgametes (male)}} combine to form {{c2::ookinete}} which turns into an {{c3::oocyst}} which…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypnozoites::Plasmodium stage}} infect liver cells and do not develop. It can reactivate.
Published	07/30/2024	The sexual stage of plasmodium takes {{c1::8-35}} days
Published	07/30/2024	The exo-erythrocytic stage of plasmodium occurs in the {{c1::liver}}
Published	07/30/2024	In rare mechanisms of transmission such as blood transfusion, the Plasmodium stage that is being passed is the {{c1::merozoites}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Human infective stage of Plasmodium is the {{c1::sporozoite}}
Published	07/30/2024	To quantify the number of Plasmodium species in na infection, use a {{c1::thick}} smear
Published	07/30/2024	To identify the specific Plasmodium species in an infection, use a {{c1::thin}} smear
Published	07/30/2024	Plasmodium stages that are identified during diagnosis: {{c1::Trophozoite/ring forms, Schizont (containing merozoites), Gametocytes::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBCs are ruptured in preparation for identifying Plasmodium in a {{c1::thick}} smear
Published	07/30/2024	P. falcifarum bias RBC: {{c1::All ages}}
Published	07/30/2024	P. vivax bias RBC: {{c1::Young RBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	P. ovale bias RBC: {{c1::Reticulocytes/ Young RBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	P. malariae bias RBC: {{c1::Old RBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Early Trophozoite/ring form::Plasmodium form}} - Ring-shaped with a red chromatin dot and a scant amount of blue cytoplasm
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Trophozoite form::Plasmodium form}} - Large chromatin mass with prominent amoeboid cytoplasm, which is spread through the erythrocyte
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Schizont::Plasmodium form}} - Chromatin has divided into two or more masses of chromatin with small amounts of cytoplasm, called merozoites
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gametocyte::Plasmodium form}} - Fills the entire red blood cell and is characterized by a large chromatin mass and a blue cytoplasm with pigment
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gametocyte::Plasmodium form}} - Round to banana-shaped
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Ring forms known as {{c2::band}} formsP. {{c1::malariae}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Only Plasmodium species where only the early trophozoites and gametocytes are seen in peripheral blood smearsP. {{c1::falciparu…
Published	07/30/2024	In what stage of the Plasmodium life cycle to sporozoites turn into merozoites?{{c1::Exo-erythrocytic}} Stage
Published	07/30/2024	In what stage of the Plasmodium life cycle do merozoites turn into MORE merozoites?{{c1::Erythrocytic}} Stage
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Only Plasmodium species whose gametocyte is banana-shaped and larger than the RBCP. {{c1::falciparum}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Only Plasmodium species whose RBC size is normalP. {{c1::falciparum}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Plasmodium species with Maurer’s cleft (large red spots) stipplingP. {{c1::falciparum}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Plasmodium species with Schuffner’s dots stipplingP. {{c1::vivax}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Plasmodium species with James’ dots stipplingP. {{c1::ovale}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Plasmodium species with Ziemann’s dots stipplingP. {{c1::malariae}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Has the biggest infected RBCP. {{c1::vivax}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Has the smallest RBCP. {{c1::malariae}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Has the 2nd to the largest RBCP. {{c1::ovale}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]has accessory chromatin dots and is delicateP. {{c1::falcifarum}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]has ameboid trophozoitesP. {{c1::vivax}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]has compact trophozoitesP. {{c1::ovale, malariae, falcifarum (rarely)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Mature schizonts have 6-12 nucleiP. {{c1::malariae}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Mature schizonts have 12-24 nucleiP. {{c1::vivax}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Mature schizonts have 8-24 nucleiP. {{c1::falcifarum (rarely)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Mature schizonts have rosettesP. {{c1::malariae}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Can multiply infected RBCsP. {{c1::falciparum}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Have large chromatin dots, and have fine, yellowish/golden-brown pigment.P. {{c1::vivax}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Zoonotic; affects long-tailed macaquesP. {{c1::knowlesi}}
Published	07/30/2024	The cold stage of malaria (chills) lasts for {{c1::15-60 minutes}}
Published	07/30/2024	The hot stage of malaria (fever) lasts for {{c1::2-6 hrs}} and is caused by {{c2::glycophosphatidyl inositol}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 main signs and symptoms of malaria: {{c1::Anemia, splenomegaly}}
Published	07/30/2024	Symptoms of Malaria occur due to what event?{{c1::Schizont (RBC) rupture}}
Published	07/30/2024	Periodicity of Malaria symptom attacks are determined by the length of the {{c1::erythrocytic}} cycle
Published	07/30/2024	Malaria attacks every 48 hrs is caused by P. {{c1::falciparum}} and is called {{c2::subtertian}} malaria
Published	07/30/2024	Malaria attacks on alternate days is caused by P. {{c1::vivax and ovale}} and is called {{c2::benign tertian}} malaria
Published	07/30/2024	Malaria attacks every 72 hours is caused by P. {{c1::malariae}} and is called {{c2::quartan}} malaria
Published	07/30/2024	Non-relapsing malaria attacks is caused by P. {{c1::knowlesi}} and is called {{c2::quotidian (daily)}} malaria
Published	07/30/2024	Which Plasmodium spp. is relapse possible?P. {{c1::vivax and ovale}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Recrudescence}} - renewal of parasitemia or clinical features in the absence of an exo-erythrocytic cycle (liver stage)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Relapse}} - renewed asexual parasitemia following a period in which blood contains no detectable parasites
Published	07/30/2024	Recrudescence is caused by {{c1::undertreatment}}
Published	07/30/2024	Relapse is caused by {{c1::hypnozoites}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which Plasmodium spp. is recrudescence possible?P. {{c1::falcifarum and malariae}}
Published	07/30/2024	P. {{c1::falcifarum}} exhibits the presence of sticky knobs on infected RBCs (cytoadhesions) with {{c2::PfEMP-1}} being the most adhesive protein…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cerebral malaria::P. falcifarum infection complication}} - diffuse symmetric encephalopathy
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Blackwater malaria::P. falcifarum infection complication}} - massive intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria
Published	07/30/2024	Nephrotic syndrome is most associated with {{c1::quartan}} malaria caused by P. {{c1::malariae}}
Published	07/30/2024	Acute renal failure is most associated with P. {{c1::falciparum}}
Published	07/30/2024	P. {{c1::vivax and ovale}} usually exhibit benign manifestations
Published	07/30/2024	P. falcifarum in the PH is most prevalent in {{c1::Palawan::province}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most cases of Malaria are from {{c1::Africa::continent}}
Published	07/30/2024	Innate resistance to Malaria is seen among individuals with: {{c1::thalassemia, Duffy blood group, G6PD deficient persons::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Collecting a sample for Malaria testing only requires {{c1::capillary blood}}
Published	07/30/2024	The gold standard for Malaria diagnosis: {{c1::Microscopy}}
Published	07/30/2024	Stain used for diagnosing Malaria: {{c1::Giemsa}} at pH {{c1::7.2}}
Published	07/30/2024	mainstay drug for malaria: {{c1::Chloroquine}}
Published	07/30/2024	current treatment for P. falciparum: {{c1::Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs)}}
Published	07/30/2024	2nd line drugs for Malaria: {{c1::Quinine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Immediate prophylactic drugs for Malaria: {{c1::Mefloquine, Doxycycline, Atovaquone/Proguanil::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Amoeboid shaped forms within infected RBCsP. {{c1::vivax}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Fibriated and elongated shaped forms within infected RBCsP. {{c1::ovale}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Plasmodium Morphology]Ring forms have thick cytoplasm with single, large chromatin dot.P. {{c1::vivax}}
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