Notes in Autonomic Nervous System

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Published	09/29/2023	Sympathetic nervous system:Neurons originating in the {{c1::hypothalamus}} synapse with pre-ganglionic cells bodies in {{c2::spinal cord nuclei}}.Thes…
Published	09/29/2023	Sympathetic nervous system:The three pre-vertebral ganglia are {{c1::celiac ganglia}}, {{c1::superior mesenteric ganglia}}, and {{c1::i…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Acetylcholine}} binds to {{c3::nicotinic}} receptors on {{c4::postganglionic neurons}} and to {{c3::muscarinic}} receptors on {{c4::target organ…
Published	09/29/2023	Sympathetic innervation of the heart acts on {{c1::α1 and β1}} receptors and causes increased {{c1::HR and contractility}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Sympathetic innervation of the smooth muscles acts on {{c1::β2}} receptors.
Published	09/29/2023	Sympathetic innervation of the lungs acts on {{c1::β2}} receptors and causes {{c1::bronchodilation}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Sympathetic innervation of the glands acts on {{c1::β2}} receptors, just like in the {{c1::lungs::organ}}
Published	09/29/2023	Sympathetic innervation of the blood vessels acts on {{c1::α1 and β2}} receptors, and causes vasodilation in {{c1::skeletal muscle}} and {{c1::br…
Published	09/29/2023	Sympathetic innervation of the sweat glands acts on {{c1::muscarinic}} receptors and causes {{c1::increased sweat production}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Sympathetic nervous system:Preganglionic neurons release {{c1::acetylcholine}}, which binds to {{c1::nicotinic}} receptors on postganglionic neurons.P…
Published	09/29/2023	Parasympathetic nervous system:Preganglionic neurons release {{c1::acetylcholine}}, which binds to {{c1::nicotinic}} receptors on postganglionic neuro…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c2::Catecholamines}} act on {{c1::adrenergic}} receptors, which are divided into {{c1::α}} receptors and {{c1::β}} receptors.{{c2::Catecholamines}} …
Published	09/29/2023	α2 receptors are primarily found on the {{c1::presynaptic neuron}} and exerts a {{c2::negative feedback loop}} that {{c2::decreases::increases/decreas…
Published	09/29/2023	Parasympathetic nervous system:Neurons originating in the {{c1::hypothalamus}} synapse with pre-ganglionic cells bodies in {{c2::brainstem nuclei}} an…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Cranial nerve X (CN X)}} of the parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the {{c2::vagus nerve}}.The {{c2::vagus nerve}} is largely respo…
Published	09/29/2023	Parasympathetic nervous systemPre-ganglionic neurons from spinal cord S2, S3, S4 are called {{c1::pelvic splanchnic nerves}} and synapse in ganglia of…
Published	09/29/2023	Cocaine and amphetamine are examples of {{c1::indirect-acting agonists}} that {{c1::activate::activate/inactivate}} the {{c2::sympathetic}} nervous sy…
Published	09/29/2023	α blockers and β blockers are types of {{c1::post::pre/post}}-synaptic adrenergic {{c1::antagonists}} that {{c1::deactivate}} the sympathetic nervous …
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::α-2 agonist}} is a {{c2::pre::pre/post}}-synaptic adrenergic {{c2::antagonist}} that {{c2::deactivates}} the {{c2::central::central/peripheral}}…
Published	09/29/2023	Direct cholinomimetics {{c1::activate::activate/inactivate}} the {{c2::parasympathetic}} nervous system by {{c2::mimicking acetylcholine}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c2::Indirect cholinomimetics}} such as {{c3::anticholinesterases}} {{c1::activate::activate/inactivate}} the {{c1::parasympathetic}} nervous sy…
Published	09/29/2023	Atropine is a {{c2::muscarinic antagonist}} that {{c1::deactivates::activate/deactivate}} the {{c2::parasympathetic}} nervous system by {{c1::competin…
Published	09/29/2023	Parasympathetic effect on body:{{c1::Defecation::D}} {{c1::Urination::U}} {{c1::Muscle excitation::M}} {{c1::Bronchospasm::B}}{{c2::Heart rate slowing…
Published	09/29/2023	Organophosphate poisoning causes acute {{c2::cholinergic toxicity}} by inhibition of {{c2::acetylcholinesterase}}, which increases {{c2::ACh}}.Du…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c2::Albuterol}} is a {{c1::β-2 agonist}} that treats asthma by {{c1::sympathetic::sympathetic/parasympathetic}} stimulation of {{c2::bronchodil…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::β blockers}} and {{c1::anticholinesterases}} prevent vasovagal syncope by inhibiting {{c2::exaggerated sympathetic activation}} after perceived …
Published	09/29/2023	Vasovagal syncope (VSS) is caused by perceived {{c1::hypovolemia}} due to {{c1::decreased venous return}} after orthostatic change.
Published	09/29/2023	In vasovagal syncope (VSS), there is {{c1::exaggerated sympathetic activation}} followed by {{c2::parasympathetic overdrive}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Fludrocortisone}} prevents vasovagal syncope by {{c2::increasing fluid and salt retention in the blood}}, targeting perceived hypovolemia.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::α-1 agonists}} prevent vasovagal syncope by stimulating {{c2::vasodilation in brain}}, targeting {{c2::parasympathetic overdrive::VSS step}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Sympathetic innervation of the kidneys acts on {{c1::β1}} receptors to stimulate {{c2::renin secretion}}, which {{c1::increases blood pressu…
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