Notes in Week 1

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/19/2024	Virus structureNucleus: {{c1::None}}Outer surface: {{c1::Protein capsid, lipoprotein envelope}}Replication method: {{c1::Uses host cell…
Published	09/19/2024	Bacteria structureNucleus: {{c1::None}}Outer surface: {{c1::Rigid peptidoglycan wall}}Replication method: {{c1::Binary fission}}
Published	09/19/2024	Fungi structureNucleus: {{c1::Membrane bound}}Outer surface: {{c1::Rigid chitin wall}}Replication method: {{c1::Budding, mitosis}}
Published	09/19/2024	Parasite structureNucleus: {{c1::Membrane bound}}Outer surface: {{c1::Flexible membrane}}Replication method: {{c1::Mitosis}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8227:top=.2036:width=.1638:height=.0537:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8386:top=.8612:width=.1145:height=.051…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.182:top=.0275:width=.1017:height=.0906:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7846:top=.0275:width=.0922:height=.0863…
Published	09/19/2024	Gram {{c1::positive}} bacteria have a {{c2::thick peptidoglycan wall with no outermembrane}}, so when they are counter-stained they {{c2::retain the o…
Published	09/19/2024	Gram {{c1::positive}} bacteria contain {{c2::teichoic acid}}, which stimulates the immune system
Published	09/19/2024	Gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan wall covered by an outer, lipid membrane, So when they are counter-stained they {{c2::will lose the s…
Published	09/19/2024	Gram {{c1::negative}} bacteria contain {{c2::endotoxin (aka {{c3::lipopolysaccharide}})}} which stimulates the innate immune system
Published	09/19/2024	The cell wall of a bacteria {{c1::provides structure & protection}}, the cell membrane {{c1::regulates diffusion of substances}}
Published	09/19/2024	The cell wall of bacteria is composed of {{c1::a lattice of peptidoglycan}}, which will {{c1::stimulate the immune system}}
Published	09/19/2024	Pili are {{c1::small projections on the outside of bacteria}} that function to {{c1::adhere to surfaces and can also transfer DNA}}
Published	09/19/2024	Flagella are {{c1::tail like projections}} that allow bacteria to {{c1::move and can stimulate the immune system}}
Published	09/19/2024	Viruses contain {{c1::either DNA or RNA (never both)}}, but rely on the host to replicate {{c1::because they do not contain organelles}}
Published	09/19/2024	Every virus has a {{c1::capsid}} which is {{c2::a protein coat to protect the genome}}. It can also be covered with {{c1::an outer envelope}} to {{c2:…
Published	09/19/2024	Fungi are {{c1::eukaryotic cells that generally exist in water, soil, or decaying vegetation}}
Published	09/19/2024	Fungi can be separated into 2 broad categories:{{c1::Yeasts: {{c2::unicellular, repro by budding, grow in smooth colonies (look like bacteria)}}}}{{c1…
Published	09/19/2024	Some fungi are dimorphic ({{c1::exist in different shapes at different temperatures}})
Published	09/19/2024	The fungal cell wall is made of {{c1::chitin}}, which will stimulate the immune system. It also contains {{c1::glucan, mannoproteins, & ergosterol…
Published	09/19/2024	The skin's natural defenses include {{c1::impenetrable to most microbes, diverse environment (dry, oily, moist), slightly acidic pH, sweat increases s…
Published	09/19/2024	In the epidermis, keritanocytes constantly slough off which functions to {{c1::rid the body of any microbes residing in the skin}}
Published	09/19/2024	Normal flora are {{c1::bacteria & fungi which permanently reside on the skin}}
Published	09/19/2024	Commensals are {{c1::microbes that derive benefit from the host, but don't damage it}}. They generally function to {{c1::discourage pathogen growth}}
Published	09/19/2024	Carriers are {{c1::individuals who have pathogenic organisms and are able to transmit to others}}
Published	09/19/2024	Normal flora protect against pathogens by {{c1::competing for space & nutrients, lowering pH, and liberating FFA from sebum which are toxic to mic…
Published	09/19/2024	An antigen (Ag) is {{c1::a pathogenic molecule that can illict an immune response}}
Published	09/19/2024	An epitope is {{c1::the binding site for an antigen}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c2::Conformational}} determinants are {{c1::epitopes defined by their 3D structure}}. {{c2::Sequential}} determinants are {{c1::linear (structured) …
Published	09/19/2024	An immunogenic compound {{c1::has the ability produce and antibody or cell mediated response.}}
Published	09/19/2024	Immunoglobulin isotype is {{c1::classifying Ig by the constant region of the heavy chain }}
Published	09/19/2024	Allotype describes {{c1::variation in Ig due to individual genetic differences}}
Published	09/19/2024	Hypervariable region: {{c1::specific regions within the Ab that bind to Ag directly}}
Published	09/19/2024	Framework region: {{c1::regions of the Ab that give structural support to hypervariable regions}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1833:top=.0238:width=.1413:height=.061:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0738:top=.3946:width=.1365:height=.0584…
Published	09/19/2024	Parts of an antibody:{{c1::Fab}} - {{c2::part of one arm that binds to the antigen}}
Published	09/19/2024	Parts of an antibody:{{c1::Fc}} - {{c2::constant region that interacts with immune cells}}
Published	09/19/2024	Parts of an antibody:{{c1::Vh}} - {{c2::variable region of the heavy chain}}
Published	09/19/2024	Parts of an antibody:{{c1::Vl}} - {{c2::variable region of the light chain}}
Published	09/19/2024	Parts of an antibody:{{c1::Cl}} - {{c2::constant region of the light chain}}
Published	09/19/2024	Parts of an antibody:{{c1::Ch}} - {{c2::constant region of the heavy chain}}
Published	09/19/2024	Biological (cellular) activity of an Ab occurs on the {{c1::Fc (constant region)}}
Published	09/19/2024	In an antibody, most inter and intra region bonds are {{c1::disulfide}}
Published	09/19/2024	There are 5 classes of heavy chains which are generally how Ab are classified: {{c1::IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE}}
Published	09/19/2024	The Ab will bind an Ag with {{c1::the N terminus of both the heavy and light chain}}
Published	09/19/2024	Ig{{c1::M}} antibodies are {{c2::the first produced & generally pentameric}}. They are best at {{c2::forming complexes & activating complement…
Published	09/19/2024	Ig{{c1::G}} antibodies are {{c2::the second produced (late primary, early secondary) & most abundant}}. They are best at {{c2::stimulating phagocy…
Published	09/19/2024	Ig{{c1::A}} antibodies are {{c2::secretory Ab, can be monomer, dimer, tetramer}}. They are best at {{c2::withstanding environment & neutralize pat…
Published	09/19/2024	Ig{{c1::D}} antibodies are {{c2::co-expressed with IgM}}. They are best at {{c2::assisting in activating naive B cells}}
Published	09/19/2024	Ig{{c1::E}} antibodies are {{c2::lowest concentration that bind to basophils & mast cells}}. They are best at {{c2::initiating allergic rxns and p…
Published	09/19/2024	Antigen-antibody complexes form when {{c1::a specific epitope is covalently bonded to the hypervariable region of the antibody}}
Published	09/19/2024	Genetic diversity occurs in antibodies due to {{c1::random gene rearrangment in both the heavy and light chains}} before an antigen can be b…
Published	09/19/2024	Heavy chain gene rearrangement can include {{c1::Variable, Diversity, & Joining regions}}
Published	09/19/2024	Light chain gene rearrangement can include {{c1::Variable & Joining regions}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::VDJ recombinase}} is an {{c2::enzyme complex}} important in {{c2::recognizing & rearranging gene sequences in an Ab}}
Published	09/19/2024	RAG1 & RAG2 ({{c1::recombination activating genes}}) are crucial in {{c2::activating genetic diversity in Ab}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase}} (Tdt) {{c2::randomly adds in NT to the joining region of Ab}} to increase diversity
Published	09/19/2024	After Ig gene rearrangment, {{c1::somatic hypermutation}} can {{c2::occur during an immune response to increase affinity for the Ag}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::IgM and IgD}} are expressed first in a mature, but naive B cell. After Ab recognition the cell can {{c2::divide to produce a plasma or memory ce…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Plasma cells}} will {{c2::focus on mass producing Ab then die within a few days}}
Published	09/19/2024	A {{c1::memory cell}} will {{c2::"hold on" to an antibody and present it to other cells}}. It will usually undergo class switching and change its Ig t…
Status	Last Update	Fields