Notes in G07 - Vertebral Column

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Published	08/20/2024	Vertebral column is part of the axial skeleton extending from the {{c1::base of the skull}} to the {{c1::distal coccyx}}
Published	08/20/2024	How many vertebrae in the vertebral column?
Published	08/20/2024	How many vertebrae of each type are there?
Published	08/20/2024	Describe the 4 curvatures of the vertebral column:
Published	08/20/2024	Clinical term for "humpback"
Published	08/20/2024	Clinical term for "swayback"
Published	08/20/2024	Excessive thoracic kyphosis (humpback) results from {{c1::collapse of thoracic vertebral bodies}} such as in people with osteoporosis or spinal tuberc…
Published	08/20/2024	Excessive lumbar lordosis (swayback) is common in {{c1::women in late pregnancy due to anterior rotation of the pelvis and weakened abdominal muscles.…
Published	08/20/2024	Scoliosis is {{c1::abnormal lateral curvature of the spine}} and may result from {{c2::asymmetric muscle development or malformed vertebrae}}
Published	08/20/2024	Scoliosis most commonly occurs in {{c1::adolescent girls}}
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Published	08/20/2024	Structure of Vertebrae:Body (centrum): weight-bearing portion; surfaces are covered by {{c1::hyaline cartilage}}
Published	08/20/2024	Structure of Vertebrae:Vertebral (neural) arch: Composed of {{c1::two pedicles}} and {{c1::two laminae}} that surround a {{c1::vertebral foramen}}
Published	08/20/2024	How is the vertebral canal formed?
Published	08/20/2024	What are the 7 processes that project from most vertebrae?
Published	08/20/2024	Superior and inferior articular processes of vertebrae are also called {{c1::zygapophyses}}
Published	08/20/2024	What is a zygapophysial joint?
Published	08/20/2024	What are the superior and inferior vertebral notches, and where are they located on a vertebrae?
Published	08/20/2024	Intervertebral foramina are {{c1::laterally directed openings}} that form between {{c1::superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae}…
Published	08/20/2024	Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae (4):1. {{c1::Small bodies (C1 has no body); delicate arches}}2. {{c2::Superior surface of body is concave from s…
Published	08/20/2024	What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae (4)?
Published	08/20/2024	{{c1::C7}} is called {{c2::vertebra prominens}} for its long & prominent spinous process
Published	08/20/2024	Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae (3):
Published	08/20/2024	Where are costal hemifacets found on thoracic vertebrae? What articulates with them?
Published	08/20/2024	Where are costal facets found on thoracic vertebrae? What articulates with them?
Published	08/20/2024	Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae (5):1. {{c1::Bodies are large and kidney-shaped }}2. {{c2::Spinous processes are stocky and project posterior…
Published	08/20/2024	Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae (5):
Published	08/20/2024	Mamillary process -- where is it located, on what type of vertebrae, and what is it an attachment for?
Published	08/20/2024	Accessory process -- where is it located, what type of vertebrae, and what is it an attachment for?
Published	08/20/2024	Characteristics of Sacral Vertebrae (6):1. {{c1::Base: located superiorly; articulates with L5 intervertebral disc. The sacral promontory is a ventral…
Published	08/20/2024	What does the coccyx result from?
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Published	08/20/2024	C1 vertebra is called {{c1::Atlas}}, while C2 vertebra is called {{c1::Axis}}
Published	08/20/2024	What is unique about Atlas (C1)?
Published	08/20/2024	What is unique about Axis (C2)?
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Published	08/20/2024	Intervertebral joints are {{c1::symphysis}}-type joints between the articular surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies
Published	08/20/2024	{{c1::Ligaments}} connect intervertebral bodies
Published	08/20/2024	Weight-bearing, fibrocartilage {{c1::intervertebral discs}} separate adjacent vertebral bodies
Published	08/20/2024	Describe the two main parts that compose an intervertebral disc:
Published	08/20/2024	What part of the intervertebral disc is avascular?
Published	08/20/2024	Intervertebral discs comprise {{c1::~1/4}} of the total length of spinal column
Published	08/20/2024	What happens to intervertebral discs as we age that contributes to decreases in height?
Published	08/20/2024	What produces the secondary curvatures (cervical + lumbar) of the vertebral column?
Published	08/20/2024	There is no disc between the {{c1::C1}} and {{c1::C2}} vertebrae
Published	08/20/2024	What are Zygapophyseal (facet) joints? What movements do they permit?
Published	08/20/2024	Osteoarthritis of the {{c1::zygapophyseal}} joints is a common cause of neck and back pain
Published	08/20/2024	{{c1::Craniovertebral}} joints form between the skull and the C1 and C2 vertebrae
Published	08/20/2024	Anterior longitudinal ligament:broad ligament attached along the {{c1::anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and IV discs}} -- runs from the {{c1::sku…
Published	08/20/2024	Posterior longitudinal ligament:thin band attached along the {{c1::posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and IV discs}} from {{c1::C2}} to {{c1::…
Published	08/20/2024	What are the accessory ligaments that unite the laminae, transverse processes, and spinous processes? (4)
Published	08/20/2024	Ligamenta flava:- paired ligaments joining the {{c1::laminae of adjacent vertebrae}} on {{c1::posterior wall of vertebral canal}}- contributes to {{c1…
Published	08/20/2024	Supraspinous ligament
Published	08/20/2024	Ligamentum nuchae
Published	08/20/2024	Interspinous ligaments - what do they do and where are they located?
Published	08/20/2024	What movements does the vertebral column allow?
Published	08/20/2024	What movements are allowed in the cervical spine?
Published	08/20/2024	Cervical z-joints are primarily in the {{c1::horizontal}} plane and IV discs are {{c1::large}} relative to vertebral bodies
Published	08/20/2024	Flexion and lateral flexion of the thoracic spine are limited by {{c1::attachments to the rib cage}}
Published	08/20/2024	Thoracic z-joints lie primarily in the {{c1::coronal}} plane, which allows {{c1::rotation}}. Thoracic IV discs are {{c1::relatively thin}} compared to…
Published	08/20/2024	Lumbar z-joints are in the {{c1::sagittal}} plane, which permits {{c1::flexion, extension, and lateral flexion}}. Lumbar IV discs are {{c1::large}} re…
Published	08/20/2024	What type of movement is limited in the lumbar vertebral column?
Published	08/20/2024	What bones form the thoracic skeleton?
Published	08/20/2024	What does the head of the rib articulate with?
Published	08/20/2024	Where is the tubercle of the rib located? What does it articulate with?
Published	08/20/2024	Costotransverse joint
Published	08/20/2024	The body of the rib is the thin, flattened portion. It is most curved at the {{c1::angle}} of the rib. Along the inferior margin of the body is the {{…
Published	08/20/2024	Costochondral junction
Published	08/20/2024	What are the atypical ribs?
Published	08/20/2024	Why is Rib 1 atypical?
Published	08/20/2024	Why are Ribs 10-12 atypical?
Published	08/20/2024	What are the 3 classes of ribs?
Published	08/20/2024	True ribs
Published	08/20/2024	False Ribs
Published	08/20/2024	Floating Ribs
Published	08/20/2024	The sternum consists of what 3 bones?
Published	08/20/2024	Sternal Angle: what is it and where is it located? At what vertebral level?
Published	08/20/2024	Costal notches of the sternum
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Published	08/20/2024	What are the two costovertebral joints?
Published	08/20/2024	Joint of the head of the rib
Published	08/20/2024	The {{c1::costotransverse joint}} forms between the rib tubercle and the transverse costal facet of the transverse process of the same-numbered verteb…
Published	08/20/2024	Sternocostal joints
Published	08/20/2024	The first sternocostal joint is a {{c1::synchondrosis}}; joints 2-7 are {{c1::synovial plane}} joints
Published	08/20/2024	Costochondral joints
Published	08/20/2024	Interchondral joints
Published	08/20/2024	Manubriosternal joint
Published	08/20/2024	Xiphisternal joint
Published	08/20/2024	symphysis
Published	08/20/2024	synchondrosis
Published	08/20/2024	Why is the chest wall less flexible and more prone to fracture in older people?
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Published	08/20/2024	{{c1::Superior Thoracic Aperture}}- the superior boundary of the thoracic cavity formed by the {{c2::T1 vertebra, first ribs and the manubrium}}- tran…
Published	08/20/2024	What is the Inferior Thoracic Aperture formed by?
Published	08/20/2024	The {{c1::inferior thoracic aperture}} forms the attachments for the muscular {{c2::thoracoabdominal diaphragm}} which separates the thoracic and abdo…
Published	08/20/2024	What are intercostal spaces, and what do they contain?
Published	08/20/2024	Intercostal spaces are numbered sequentially {{c1::superior}} to {{c1::inferior}} beginning with the first intercostal space between {{c1::ribs 1 and …
Published	08/20/2024	Inferior to rib 12 is the {{c1::subcostal space}}
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Published	08/20/2024	What actions do the intercostal muscles cause?
Published	08/20/2024	External intercostal muscles: location, fiber orientation, and action
Published	08/20/2024	Internal intercostal muscles: location, fiber orientation, and action
Published	08/20/2024	Innermost intercostal muscles: location, fiber orientation, and action
Published	08/20/2024	Subcostal muscle: origin, insertion, and action
Published	08/20/2024	Transversus thoracis muscle: origin, insertion, and action
Published	08/20/2024	Intercostal Nerves and Subcostal Nerve are the:
Published	08/20/2024	Describe the pathway that the intercostal nerves follow:
Published	08/20/2024	What are the two main branches of the intercostal nerves, and where do they split?
Published	08/20/2024	After giving rise to their lateral cutaneous branches, the intercostal nn. 7-11 and the subcostal n. {{c1::enter and supply the abdominal wall}}
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Published	08/20/2024	Which nerves supply the abdominal wall muscles?
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Published	08/20/2024	Herpes zoster (chickenpox) virus may remain dormant in {{c1::dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves}}
Published	08/20/2024	Intercostal arteries: Each intercostal space is supplied by anastomosing branches from the {{c1::thoracic aorta}} and {{c1::internal thoracic artery}}
Published	08/20/2024	Posterior intercostal aa. enter intercostal spaces {{c1::lateral}} to the {{c1::vertebral column}}. Lateral cutaneous a. branches (off the posterior i…
Published	08/20/2024	Posterior intercostal arteries 1 and 2 arise from the {{c1::supreme intercostal}} artery, a branch of the {{c1::costocervical trunk of the subclavian}…
Published	08/20/2024	Internal thoracic artery branches from the {{c1::subclavian artery}}
Published	08/20/2024	Internal thoracic artery descends lateral to the {{c1::sternum}} b/w the {{c1::transversus thoracis muscles}} and the anterior thoracic wall
Published	08/20/2024	Anterior intercostal aa. arise directly from the {{c1::internal thoracic a.}} and course posteriorly to anastomose with the corresponding {{c1::poster…
Published	08/20/2024	Anterior perforating branches arise from the internal thoracic artery and emerge lateral to {{c1::the sternum}} and contribute to the vasculature of t…
Published	08/20/2024	At the 6th costal cartilage, the internal thoracic artery splits into the {{c1::superior epigastric and musculophrenic}} arteries
Published	08/20/2024	Where are the intercostal veins located?
Published	08/20/2024	Venous blood from the thoracic wall drains to the superior vena cava via the {{c1::internal thoracic vein}} and the {{c1::azygos venous system}}
Published	08/20/2024	Why are procedures that require penetration of an intercostal space typically performed along the superior margin of the low rib?{{c1::To protect the …
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Published	08/20/2024	Quiet inspiration relies primarily upon the {{c1::contraction and descent of the thoracoabdominal diaphragm}} and the {{c1::expansion of the anterior …
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