Notes in 02HearingAndBalance

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Published	07/30/2024	The arterial supply of the Auricle comes from 2 arteries, namely: {{c1::Posterior Auricular a., Superficial Temporal a.::arteries}}
Published	07/30/2024	The nervous supply of the Auricle comes from 2 nerves, namely: {{c1::Greater Auricular n. & Auriculotemporal n.::nerves}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Auricle::(ear anatomical structure)}} is responsible for locating where sound arises, it also funnels sound into the external acoustic …
Published	07/30/2024	Earwax or cerumen is mainly found in the {{c1::external acoustic meatus::anatomical structure of the ear}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::tympanic membrane (eardrum)::(ear structure)}} is a flattened cone-shaped structure that sends vibrations to the auditory ossicles…
Published	07/30/2024	The lateral boundary of the middle ear is formed by the {{c1::tympanic membrane::(ear anatomy)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The superior boundary of the middle ear is formed by the {{c1::tegmen tympani::(ear anatomy)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The posterior boundary of the middle ear is formed by the {{c1::mastoid antrum (entrance)::(ear anatomy)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The medial boundary of the middle ear is formed by the {{c1::oval and round windows::(ear anatomy)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Infections in the middle ear cavity, when spread inferiorly, would most likely reach the {{c1::internal jugular vein::(vascular structure)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Infections in the middle ear cavity, when spread anteriorly, would most likely reach the {{c1::internal carotid artery::(vascular structure)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Infections in the middle ear cavity, when spread superiorly, would most likely reach the {{c1::meninges of the brain}}
Published	07/30/2024	Children are at higher risk of developing middle ear infections, this is because of the {{c1::shorter::shorter/longer}} and more {{c1::horiz…
Published	07/30/2024	The three smallest bones in the body which function to transmit eardrum vibrations are (named from lateral to medial): {{c1::malleus (hammer…
Published	07/30/2024	The two skeletal muscles in the middle ear that reflexively contract on very loud sounds are: {{c1::tensor tympani & stapedius}} an…
Published	07/30/2024	The two nerves that course through the middle ear are: {{c1::facial nerve and chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::bony::bony/membranous}} labyrinth is filled with {{c2::perilymph::endolymph/perilymph}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::membranous::bony/membranous}} labyrinth is filled with {{c2::endolymph::endolymph/perilymph}}
Published	07/30/2024	The three parts of the bony labyrinth are: {{c1::cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule}}
Published	07/30/2024	The four parts of the membranous labyrinth are: {{c1::cochlear duct (scala media), semicircular ducts, saccule, and utricle}}
Published	07/30/2024	The vestibule communicates anteriorly with the {{c1::cochlea::(inner ear structure)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The vestibule communicates posteriorly with the {{c1::semicircular canals::(inner ear structure)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The swelling found at the base of the semicircular canals are called {{c1::ampulla}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::saccule::saccule/utricle}} communicates with the {{c2::cochlear duct::(membranous labyrinth structure)}}, while the {{c1::utricle:…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::saccule::membranous labyrinth structure}} is {{c1::vertically::horizontally/vertically}} oriented, and detects acceleration of the…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::utricle::membranous labyrinth structure}} is {{c1::horizontally::horizontally/vertically}} oriented, and detects acceleration of t…
Published	07/30/2024	The perilymph is continuous with the {{c1::cerebrospinal fluid::(fluid)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The cochlea coiles around a bony core known as the {{c1::modiolus}}, producing its cone shape pointed anterolaterally
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::osseus spiral lamina::(inner ear structure)}} is the inner projection of the modiolus that attaches the cochlear duct in its position
Published	07/30/2024	The three channels of the cochlea are: {{c1::Scala Vestibuli, Scala Media, Scala Tympani}}
Published	07/30/2024	The termination site of the cochlear nerve is found in the {{c1::scala media::(cochlear channel; scala)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The cochlear channel that terminates at the round window is the {{c1::scala tympani::(cochlear channel; scala)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The cochlear channel that is continuous with the vestibule is the {{c1::scala vestibuli::(cochlear channel; scala)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The two membranes that separate and close-off the scala vestibuli, media, and tympani from each other are the {{c1::vestibular}} and {{c1::b…
Published	07/30/2024	The roof of the scala media is formed by the {{c1::reissner's membrane (vestibular membrane)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The floor of the scala media is formed by the {{c1::basilar membrane}}
Published	07/30/2024	The lateral wall of the scala media is formed by the {{c1::stria vascularis (spiral ligament)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::inner hair cells::hair cell}} are known as the true receptors for hearing, since they transmit vibrations to the cochlear nerve
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::outer hair cells::hair cell}} are known as the otoacoustic emission receptors responsible for assessing ear sounds in the newborn …
Published	07/30/2024	The organ of corti has 4 rows of haircells arranged in two groups, which has {{c1::3::number}} row(s) of outer hair cells and {{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	The endolymph is maintained by the {{c1::cells of hensen::(supporting cell in the organ of corti)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Control of calcium ion levels in the organ of corti is done by the {{c1::cells of Bottcher::(supporting cell in the organ of corti)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The space of Nuel is formed by the {{c1::outer phalangeal (deiter) cells::(supporting cell in the organ of corti)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type I hair cells are also known as {{c1::inner::inner/outer}} hair cells in the organ of corti
Published	07/30/2024	QC: Diameter (Organ of Corti Hair Cells)(1) Outer Hair Cells (Type I Hair Cells)(2) Inner Hair Cells (Type II Hair Cells){{c1::1 < 2::Answer}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC: Abundance (Organ of Corti Hair Cells)(1) Outer Hair Cells (Type I Hair Cells)(2) Inner Hair Cells (Type II Hair Cells){{c1::1 > 2::Answer}…
Published	07/30/2024	The organ of corti is arterially supplied by the {{c1::internal auditory artery (labyrinthine artery)::artery}}
Published	07/30/2024	The dominant arterial supply of the external ear is from the {{c1::external carotid a. - posterior auricular branch::artery & arter…
Published	07/30/2024	The blood supply and drainage of the external ear can be remembered using the mnemonic, ESO-A, which stands for:{{c1::External Carotid a.Sup…
Published	07/30/2024	The blood supply and drainage of the middle ear can be remembered using the mnemonic, SAD-PP which stands for:{{c1::Stylomastoid a.Ante…
Published	07/30/2024	Complete the Pathway of Sound TransmissionSoundwaves in Air → {{c1::Pinna}} → {{c2::Ext. Acoustic Meatus}} → {{c3::Tympanic Membrane}} → {{c4::Ossicle…
Published	07/30/2024	The perilymphs of the scala vestibuli and tympani meet at the {{c1::helicotreme::(cochlear area)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sound waves {{c1::below::above/below}} the hearing range will travel to the helicotrema
Published	07/30/2024	It is in the vibration of the {{c1::basilar membrane::(membrane)}} where the hair cells of the organ of corti are stimulated.
Published	07/30/2024	The normal hearing frequency range of a healthy young person is about: {{c1::20 to 20,000Hz::range}}
Published	07/30/2024	On auditory transduction, the {{c1::stereocilia::(structure)}} of the hair cells bend and open {{c2::mechanically-gated K+ channels::(channe…
Published	07/30/2024	The deflection of the {{c1::tip links::(structure)}} in shorter stereocilia is the mechanism from where the K+ channels open to depolarize h…
Published	07/30/2024	The endocochlear potential is kept at a constant {{c1::+80mv::value in mV}} by continuous K+ secretion into the endolymph
Published	07/30/2024	The upper part of hair cells have an electrical potential of {{c1::-150 mV::value in mV}}
Published	07/30/2024	The lower part of hair cells have an electrical potential of {{c1::-70 mV::value in mV}}
Published	07/30/2024	If the stereocilia of hair cells are bent AWAY from the modiolus, then we can expect the following:Mechanically-gated K+ channels: {{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	If the stereocilia of hair cells are bent TOWARDS the modiolus, then we can expect the following:Mechanically-gated K+ channels: {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	Vibrations in the basilar membrane would lead the stereocilia of hair cells to bend {{c1::away from::towards/away from}} the modiolus
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::outer::inner/outer}} hair cells are responsible for the amplification of sounds.
Published	07/30/2024	Inner hair cells are linked to {{c1::afferent::efferent/afferent}} nerve fibers
Published	07/30/2024	Outer hair cells are linked to {{c1::efferent::efferent/afferent}} nerve fibers
Published	07/30/2024	Outer hair cells utilize {{c1::Prestin::protein}} to amplify sound
Published	07/30/2024	The depolarization of inner hair cells lead to the opening of {{c1::Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels::channel}}
Published	07/30/2024	Upon influx of Ca2+ ions into the inner hair cells, {{c1::Glutamate::neurotransmitter}} is released into the synaptic space, leadi…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Frequency::(Wave Property)}} is directly proportional with the the {{c2::Pitch::(Sound Property)}} of sound.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amplitude::(Wave Property)}} is directly proportional with the the {{c2::Loudness::(Sound Property)}} of sound.
Published	07/30/2024	Constant exposure to sounds above {{c1::70db::value in decibels (dB)}} may begin to damage hearing
Published	07/30/2024	The place theory suggests that low frequency sounds are stimulated {{c1::near the apex::(location)}} of the cochlea
Published	07/30/2024	The place theory suggests that high frequency sounds are stimulated {{c1::near the base::(location)}} of the cochlea
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Published	07/30/2024	Fibers from the spiral ganglion of corti transmit to the {{c1::ipsilateral::ipsilateral/contralateral}} {{c1::dorsal and ventral cochle…
Published	07/30/2024	Fibers from the cochlear nuclei transmit to the {{c1::superior olivary complex (both ipsi and contralatera)}} and {{c1::lateral lemnisc…
Published	07/30/2024	Most fibers from the cochlear nuclei travel {{c1::contralaterally::ipsilaterally/contralaterally}} to the superior olives
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::dorsal::ventral/dorsal}} cochlear nuclei is responsible for the vertical localization of sound
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::ventral::ventral/dorsal}} cochlear nuclei is responsible for the horizontal localization of sound
Published	07/30/2024	Fibers from the {{c1::dorsal::ventral/dorsal}} cochlear nuclei bypass the superior olivary complex and directly transmit to the {{c2::contra…
Published	07/30/2024	Fibers from the dorsal cochlear nuclei take the route of the {{c1::dorsal acoustic stria::stria}} to reach the {{c2::contralateral::ips…
Published	07/30/2024	Fibers from the ventral cochlear nuclei take the route of the {{c1::intermediate acoustic stria::stria}} to reach the {{c2::contralater…
Published	07/30/2024	Fibers from the ventral cochlear nuclei take the route of the {{c1::ventral acoustic stria::stria}} to reach the {{c2::contralateral::i…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Superior Olivary Nuclei}} is the first site where nervous inputs come from both ears (Left & Right)
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lateral lemniscus}} is the major ascending brainstem auditory pathway
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::inferior colliculus}} is the main auditory center of the body
Published	07/30/2024	The principal site of lateral lemniscus termination is the {{c1::inferior colliculus}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::medial geniculate nucleus}} is the main auditory center of the thalamus, where all auditory fibers synapse.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::anterior::anterior/posterior/magnocellular}} medial geniculate nucleus transmits to the primary auditory cortex
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::posterior::anterior/posterior/magnocellular}} medial geniculate nucleus transmits to the auditory association cortex
Published	07/30/2024	Fibers from the auditory radiation transmit to the primary auditory cortex, which comprises brodmann area(s) {{c1::41 & 42::brodmann are…
Published	07/30/2024	Fibers from the posterior MGN transmit to the auditory association areas, which comprise brodmann area(s) {{c1::22::brodmann area numbe…
Published	07/30/2024	Pitch, Loudness, Location in space, and Volume are perceived in the {{c1::Brodmann Area 41 - Primary Auditory Cortex::(Brodmann Area &a…
Published	07/30/2024	Memory, classification, and interpretation of sound are perceived in the {{c1::Brodmann Area 42 - Secondary Auditory Cortex::(Brodmann …
Published	07/30/2024	Conscious perception of sound is associated with {{c1::Brodmann Area 41 - Primary Auditory Cortex::(Brodmann Area & Name)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Intensity, Inflection, Pitch, and Melody are perceived in the {{c1::RIGHT Brodmann Area 22 - Auditory Association Area::(Brodmann …
Published	07/30/2024	Sound reception and the comprehension of spoken word is associated with {{c1::LEFT Brodmann Area 22 - Wernicke's Area::Brodmann Ar…
Published	07/30/2024	Expression and production of meaningful language is associated with the {{c1::LEFT Brodmann Areas 44 & 45 - Broca's Area::Brodmann …
Published	07/30/2024	The Wernicke's and Broca's areas are connected by the {{c1::arcuate fasciculus::association fiber}}
Published	07/30/2024	Rinne's TestAir Conduction > Bone ConductionInterpretation:{{c1::Positive::Positive/Negative}}
Published	07/30/2024	Rinne's TestAir Conduction < Bone ConductionInterpretation:{{c1::Negative::Positive/Negative}}
Published	07/30/2024	Weber's TestLateralization to the unaffected (normal) earInterpretation:{{c1::Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss}}
Published	07/30/2024	Weber's TestLateralization to the affected (abnormal) earInterpretation:{{c1::Unilateral Conductive Hearing Loss}}
Published	07/30/2024	Auditory Acuity Test - Rinne & Weber'sPatient Complaint: Poor LEFT EAR hearingRinne Results: (-) L. Ear; (+) R. EarWeber Results: Lateralized…
Published	07/30/2024	Auditory Acuity Test - Rinne & Weber'sPatient Complaint: Poor RIGHT EAR hearingRinne Results: (+) L. Ear; (+) R. EarWeber Results: Lateralize…
Published	07/30/2024	Auditory Acuity Test - Rinne & Weber'sPatient Complaint: Poor BILATERAL HearingRinne Results: (+) L. Ear; (+) R. EarWeber Results: NormalInte…
Published	07/30/2024	Auditory Acuity Test - Rinne & Weber'sPatient Complaint: Poor RIGHT EAR HearingRinne Results: (+) L. Ear; (-) R. EarWeber Results: Lateralize…
Published	07/30/2024	Auditory Acuity Test - Rinne & Weber'sPatient Complaint: Poor RIGHT EAR HearingRinne Results: (+) L. Ear; (+) R. EarWeber Results: Lateralize…
Published	07/30/2024	The Rinne's & Weber's Test require the usage of a {{c1::512Hz::value in Hertz (Hz)}} tuning fork
Published	07/30/2024	the External Acoustic Meatus areas [Cartilagenous/Bony]Lateral 1/3 - {{c1::Elastic cartilage}}Medial 2/3 - {{c1::Temporal Bone}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Electronegativity 1. Endolymph 2. Perilymph{{c2::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::vestibular::cochlear/vestibular/semicircular}} system of the inner ear is in charge of balance
Published	07/30/2024	Divisions of the inner ear for balanceStatic labyrinth: {{c1::utricle + saccule}}Dynamic labrynth: {{c1::semicircular canals + ducts}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::dynamic::static/dynamic}} labyrinth is concerned with rotational and angular acceleration
Published	07/30/2024	The semicircular canal in the {{c1::anterior}} plane detects up and down movements
Published	07/30/2024	The semicircular canal in the {{c1::posterior}} plane detects rolling movements
Published	07/30/2024	The semicircular canal in the {{c1::lateral}} plane detects yaw movements
Published	07/30/2024	Semicircular ducts contain {{c1::endolymph::fluid}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Membranous Ampulla}} – swelling inside semicircular DUCTS
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cristae Ampullaris / Cristae}} – Contain the receptor cells that measure rotational (angular) acceleration of the head. Sensory epithelium …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ampullary Cupula / Cupula}} – Tall, jellylike mass that resembles a pointed cap. Gelatinous structure where hairs project to
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::static::static/dynamic}} labyrinth is concerned with rotational and linear acceleration
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Macula}} - Sensory epithelium found in both otolithic organs for static and linear equilibrium. Patch of sensory hair cells in the utr…
Published	07/30/2024	Hair cell orientation of the utricle: {{c1::horizontal::horizontal/vertical}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hair cell orientation of the saccule: {{c1::vertical::horizontal/vertical}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Vestibular hair cells 1. Stereocilia 2. Kinocilium{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Otolithic(/Otolith) membrane}} - Composed of calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::utricle::utricle/saccule}} is continuous with the semicircular duct
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::saccule::utricle/saccule}} is continuous with the cochlear duct
Published	07/30/2024	The Superior vestibular nerve innervates the {{c1::utricle, lateral, and superior semicircular canals}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Inferior vestibular nerve innervates the {{c1::saccule and inferior semicircular canals}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Vestibulo-ocular}} reflex - Responsible for keeping the eyes fixed on one object.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo}} - Vertigo resulting from abnormal otoconia leading to semicircular canal dysfunction
Published	07/30/2024	Kinocilium of Horizontal Canals face {{c1::towards::towards/away from}} the utricle
Published	07/30/2024	Kinocilium of Vertical Canals face {{c1::away from::towards/away from}} the utricle
Published	07/30/2024	Kinocilium of Vertical Canals. Cupula deflected towards Utricle: {{c1::Hyperpolarization::hyper/depo}}
Published	07/30/2024	Kinocilium of Vertical Canals. Cupula deflected away from Utricle: {{c1::depolarization::hyper/depo}}
Published	07/30/2024	Kinocilium of Horizontal Canals. Cupula deflected towards Utricle: {{c1::depolarization::hyper/depo}}
Published	07/30/2024	Kinocilium of Horizontal Canals. Cupula deflected away from Utricle: {{c1::hyperpolarization::hyper/depo}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] K+ content 1. Endolymph 2. Perilymph{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Na+ content 1. Endolymph 2. Perilymph{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Deflection of Stereocilia towards Kinocilium 2. Depolarization{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Major excitatory NT/s of vestibular hair cells: {{c1::Glutamate}}
Published	07/30/2024	Eye MovementOtolith OrganSemicircular Duct {{c1::Horizontal}}{{c2::Utricle}}{{c3::Horizontal SD}}{{c1::Vertical}}{{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	Neural Pathway of Balance Overview{{c1::Vestibular Structures of the Inner Ear}}{{c1::Vestibular Nerve}}{{c1::Vestibular/Scarpa's Ganglion}}{{c1::Vest…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Lateral}} Vestibulospinal tract is {{c2::excitatory::excitatory/inhibitory}} to (ipsilateral) {{c3::extensor::extensor/flexor}} motor neuron…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Medial}} Vestibulospinal tract descends {{c2::bilaterally::bilaterally/unilaterally/contralaterally}} through the medial longitudinal fascic…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Medial}} Vestibulospinal tract is stimulated by head movement
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Medial}} Vestibulospinal tract coordinates the vestibulocollic reflex
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Vestibulocollic}} Reflex – controls muscles of the neck to stabilize the head
Published	07/30/2024	The fastigio-vestibular tract is a {{c1::2}}-way tract
Published	07/30/2024	Fastitio-vestibular tract (Afferent pathway){{c1::Vestibular Nuclei ComplexInferior Cerebellar PeduncleFlocculonodular LobeFastigial Nuclei::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Vestibulo-Ocular}} Reflex - Gaze-stabilizing reflex that allows the eyes to fixate on a single target regardless of head direction
Published	07/30/2024	Vestibulo-Ocular reflex is tested using the {{c1::Head Impulse Test (HIT)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Saccades}} - Rapid and ballistic ocular movements that abruptly change the point of fixation
Published	07/30/2024	Saccades is generated by 2 motor control centers{{c1::Superior colliculus::involuntary saccades}}{{c1::Frontal eye field or Brodmann Area 8::voluntary…
Published	07/30/2024	Direction of saccades is encoded by 2 gaze centers:o Horizontal Gaze Center – {{c1::Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation (PPRF)}}o Vertical Gaze Cen…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements}} - Much slower tracking movements that aim to keep a moving stimulus on the fovea
Published	07/30/2024	In Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements, Sensory information is generated via the neurons in the {{c1::striate (Brodmann Area 17)}} and {{c1::extrastriat…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::[#4] Primary Motor Cortex::Brodmann Area}} - The area that provides the most important signal for the production of skilled movements
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::[#6] Supplementary Motor Area::Brodmann Area}} - Responsible for the planning of complex movements such as that of dancing
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::[#6] Premotor Area::Brodmann Area}} - Found more lateral compared to the supplemental motor area; assists in the integration of sensory and moto…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Brodmann Area #8::Brodmann Area}} - Plays a role in the control of eye movements important for balance and visual attention
Published	07/30/2024	Apical cells of the inner hair cells in the organ of corti respond to {{c2::lower::lower/higher}} frequencies
Published	07/30/2024	Basal cells of the inner hair cells in the organ of corti respond to {{c1::higher::lower/higher}} frequencies
Published	07/30/2024	The depolarization of outer hair cells lead to the {{c1::contraction::relaxation/contraction}} of {{c1::Prestin::protein}}
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