Notes in PH.S1.L06.Drugs for Asthma/COPD

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::ANTI-IL-5}} THERAPY{{c2::Mepolizumab}} has also been approved for treatment of {{c3::eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (EGPA)}}a systemic vasculitis accompanied by worsening {{c2::asthma}}, pulmonary {{c2::infiltrates}…
Published	10/21/2024	Adverse Effects of Antimuscarinic Agents
Published	10/21/2024	LEUKOTRIENE PATHWAY INHIBITORSLeukotrienes result from the action of {{c1::5-lipoxygenase}} on {{c3::arachidonic acid}} and are synthesized by a varie…
Published	10/21/2024	LEUKOTRIENE PATHWAY INHIBITORS{{c1::Leukotriene B4 (LTB 4)}} is a potent {{c2::neutrophil}} chemoattractant{{c3::LTC 4 and LTD 4}} exert many effects …
Published	10/21/2024	LEUKOTRIENE PATHWAY INHIBITORSnot as effective as even {{c1::low-dose ICS therapy}} in inducing and maintaining {{c3::asthma control}}but are preferre…
Published	10/21/2024	LEUKOTRIENE PATHWAY INHIBITORSIn the USA, {{c1::Zileuton}} is approved for use in an oral dosage of 1200 mg of the sustained-release form twice dail…
Published	10/21/2024	Used first line for asthmatic children in some first-world countries like America and Canada
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7045:top=.4708:width=.0362:height=.0413:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7052:top=.5492:width=.0393:height=.041…
Published	10/21/2024	ANTI-IGE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES{{c1::Omaluzimab}} was raised in mice and then humanized, making it less likely to cause {{c2::sensitization}} when gi…
Published	10/21/2024	GUIDELINES FOR ASTHMAIn the present domain, asthma is important for the symptoms and impairments it causes-{{c1::cough}}, {{c1::nocturnal awakenings}}…
Published	10/21/2024	For relief of distress in the present domain, the key information is obtained by asking specific questions about (5)
Published	10/21/2024	Reductions in {{c1::FEV1}} correlate with heightened risk of future attacks of asthma
Published	10/21/2024	high numbers of {{c1::eosinophils}} in blood or sputum, and high levels of {{c2::nitric oxide}} in exhaled air are at hightened risk for exacerbations…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::BRONCHODILATORS}}• rapidly effective, safe, and {{c2::inexpensive::expensive or inexpensive}}• Many patients with only occasional symptoms of as…
Published	10/21/2024	BRONCHODILATORSAll patients with asthma should be instructed in a simple action plan for severe, frightening attacks:to take up to {{c1::four::how…
Published	10/21/2024	BRONCHODILATORS• Global Initiative for Asthma• recommend that all patients with asthma, however mild, should take doses of {{c1::ICS}} at least on an …
Published	10/21/2024	MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS• The effects of short-acting agents {{c1::eg, ipratropium bromide::such as?}} on baseline airway resistance are nearly as great…
Published	10/21/2024	MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTSThe airway effects of {{c1::antimuscarinic}} and {{c1::sympathomimetic drugs}} given in full doses have been shown to be additiv…
Published	10/21/2024	Example of Sympathomimetic drug
Published	10/21/2024	Methylxanthine drugs:{{c2::Theophylline}}  is most selective in its {{c1::smooth muscle}} effects.{{c2::Bronchodilation}} produced by t…
Published	10/21/2024	Methylxanthine drugs:All, particularly {{c1::caffeine}}, cause mild cortical arousal with increased {{c2::alertness}} and deferral of {{c3::fatigue}}.…
Published	10/21/2024	Methylxanthine drugs:The larger doses necessary for more effective {{c1::bronchodilation}} cause {{c1::nervousness}} and {{c1::tremor}}.Very high dose…
Published	10/21/2024	Methylxanthine drugs:Adverse effects, especially in the {{c1::central nervous system}}, limit the {{c2::dose}}.Also improve {{c1::contractility}} of s…
Published	10/21/2024	MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTSlong-acting antimuscarinic (LAMA) agent {{c1::tiotropium}}, added to an ICS in asthma, is likely as effective as the addition …
Published	10/21/2024	METHYLXANTHINE DRUGSRelieves {{c1::airflow obstruction}} in acute asthma and reduces the {{c2::severity of symptoms}} in patients with chronic asthma.…
Published	10/21/2024	MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTSAs a treatment for COPD:LAMAs improve {{c1::functional capacity}}, presumably through their action as bronchodilatorsreduce the …
Published	10/21/2024	CORTICOSTEROIDSWhen should corticosteroids be started?{{c1::If asthmatic symptoms occur frequentlyIf significant airflow obstruction persists despit…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Cromolyn & Nedocromil}}:Were once widely used for asthma management, especially in {{c2::children::adult or children}}, but have now been su…
Published	10/21/2024	CORTICOSTEROIDS For patients with severe symptoms or severe airflow obstruction (eg, FEV1 < 50% of predicted){{c1::initial treatment with a …
Published	10/21/2024	CORTICOSTEROIDSTwo options for asthma inadequately controlled by a standard dose of an ICS(1) {{c1::double the dose of ICS}} or(2) {{c1::combine it wi…
Published	10/21/2024	Guidelines for AsthmaEmphasize the need for adjusting the {{c1::intensity}} of asthma therapy to the underlying {{c2::severity}} of the disease and th…
Published	10/21/2024	CORTICOSTEROIDSThe rapid onset of action of {{c1::formoterol::what medication}} enables novel use of its combination with a low dose of budeson…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::LEUKOTRIENE ANTAGONISTS::What class of medications}}taken as an oral tablet is an alternative to ICS treatment in patients with symptoms occurri…
Published	10/21/2024	LEUKOTRIENE ANTAGONISTS{{c1::Montelukast::What medication}} is the most widely prescribedtaken orally, is easy to administerrarely associated wit…
Published	10/21/2024	TARGETED THERAPYreserved for patients with moderate to severe asthma inadequately controlled by ICS/LABA treatment{{c1::Omalizumab::What medicatio…
Published	10/21/2024	TARGETED THERAPYOmalizumabreserved for patients with demonstrated {{c1::IgE-mediated sensitivity}} (by positive skin test or radioallergosorbent …
Published	10/21/2024	What is the common therapeutic target for mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab in the management of asthma?
Published	10/21/2024	For which specific condition associated with severe asthma are mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab particularly indicated?
Published	10/21/2024	How does dupilumab differ in its indication from mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab?
Published	10/21/2024	What type of therapy is referred to as “TARGETED THERAPY” in the context of the lecture?
Published	10/21/2024	Why might a patient be prescribed dupilumab according to the lecture?
Published	10/21/2024	What is the frequency range for administering targeted therapy parenterally?
Published	10/21/2024	What type of severe allergic reaction can some targeted therapies cause?
Published	10/21/2024	Why might adults aged 50 or older need vaccination before starting treatment with mepolizumab?
Published	10/21/2024	What is one significant drawback concerning the cost associated with targeted therapy?
Published	10/21/2024	What is the recommended management for mild attacks of acute asthma?
Published	10/21/2024	Which medication can be as effective as subcutaneous injection of epinephrine in mild asthma attacks?
Published	10/21/2024	How should severe attacks of acute asthma be treated according to the lecture?
Published	10/21/2024	For managing acute asthma, what does ‘objective measurement’ imply?
Published	10/21/2024	What are the systemic treatments mentioned for severe acute asthma management?
Published	10/21/2024	According to the lecture, what environmental factor may contribute to preventing asthma?
Published	10/21/2024	How might exposure to certain environments from birth influence health outcomes?
Published	10/21/2024	What specific types of animals are mentioned in the slide that could have an impact on asthma prevention?
Published	10/21/2024	What is the primary characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Published	10/21/2024	What underlying pathophysiological response is associated with COPD?
Published	10/21/2024	What common habit is most often a consequence of developing COPD?
Published	10/21/2024	Is bronchodilation treatment fully effective in reversing airflow limitation in patients with COPD?
Published	10/21/2024	At what age demographic does Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) most commonly occur?
Published	10/21/2024	What type of inflammation is COPD more commonly associated with?
Published	10/21/2024	How does Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) respond to high-dose ICS therapy?
Published	10/21/2024	Describe the progression of pulmonary function in individuals diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Published	10/21/2024	What lifestyle factor is often linked to the development or exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Published	10/21/2024	What are common triggers for the episodic exacerbations of asthma and COPD?
Published	10/21/2024	How do asthma and COPD primarily affect breathing?
Published	10/21/2024	In what aspects do asthma and COPD differ according to the lecture?
Published	10/21/2024	What is a key factor in differentiating between an individual’s response to asthma versus COPD?
Published	10/21/2024	Which type of medication is suggested for relief of acute symptoms in COPD?
Published	10/21/2024	Can you name an anticholinergic drug mentioned for treating COPD on the lecture?
Published	10/21/2024	Is it more effective to use a combination therapy or just one medication for treating acute symptoms of COPD according to the lecture?
Published	10/21/2024	What is the recommended treatment for patients with persistent symptoms of exertional dyspnea due to COPD?
Published	10/21/2024	Which types of long-acting bronchodilators are indicated for COPD management according to the lecture?
Published	10/21/2024	What condition must be present in COPD patients to indicate the use of a long-acting bronchodilator?
Published	10/21/2024	Can LABA and long-acting anticholinergics be used together for treating COPD according to the treatment protocol mentioned in the lecture?
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::TARGETED (MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY) }}THERAPY: {{c2::Dupilumab}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Dupilumab}}an antibody directed against the IL-4a co-receptor for both IL- 4 and IL-13
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Dupilumab}}shown to reduce exacerbation frequency and improve pulmonary function and measures of asthma control
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::METHYLXANTHINE DRUGS}}• {{c2::theophylline}}, {{c2::theobromine}}, and {{c2::caffeine}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::METHYLXANTHINE DRUGS}} major source is {{c2::beverages (tea, cocoa, and coffee, respectively).}}
Published	10/21/2024	The use of {{c1::theophylline}} has almost ceased with demonstration of the greater efficacy of:inhaled {{c2::adrenoceptor agonists}} for ac…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::METHYLXANTHINE DRUGS}}Toxicities: {{c2::nausea, vomiting, tremulousness, arrhythmias}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::METHYLXANTHINE DRUGS}}requirement for monitoring serum levels because of its {{c2::narrow therapeutic index}}still used in some countr…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c2::METHYLXANTHINE DRUGS}}• At high concentrations, they can be shown in vitro to inhibit several members of the {{c1:: phosphodiesterase (PDE)…
Published	10/21/2024	inhibition of PDE enzyme family by Methylxanthine drugs results in higher concentrations of {{c1::intracellular CAMP}} and, in some tissues, {{c1::cGM…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c2::METHYLXANTHINE DRUGS}} another MOA: inhibition of cell surface receptors for {{c1::adenosine}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Adenosine}} has been shown to:provoke {{c2::contraction}} of isolated airway smooth muscle &  release of {{c2::histamine…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c2::METHYLXANTHINE DRUGS}}another MOA: {{c1::enhancement of histone deacetylation}}
Published	10/21/2024	Methylxanthine Drugs{{c1::Acetylation}} of {{c1::core histones}} is necessary for activation of inflammatory gene transcription
Published	10/21/2024	Methylxanthine Drugs: {{c1::Corticosteroids}} act, at least in part, by recruiting {{c2::histone deacetylactylases}} to the site o…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::METHYLXANTHINE}} DRUGS: roflumilast
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::ROFUMILAST}} has been shown to be effective for reducing the frequency of exacerbations of {{c2::COPD}} and is approved by the US…
Published	10/21/2024	TREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) TherapyLess central to treatment of COPD that asthma, due …
Published	10/21/2024	TREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVEPULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)Use of Biomarkers for ICS TherapyRecent evidence-based international guidelines recommend usin…
Published	10/21/2024	Medications for COPD{{c1::Short-acting::Short Acting or Long Acting?}}{{c2::Ipratropium bromide }}Not available alone / inhaler Only for {{c…
Published	10/21/2024	Medications for COPD{{c1::Long-acting:: Short Acting or Long Acting}}{{c2::Glycopyrronium}}(12-24 hrs)Used to be available alone but now only availabl…
Published	10/21/2024	Medications for COPD Combination {{c2::Short-Acting::Short acting or Long acting}} Beta2-Agonist Plus Anticholinergic {{c1::Salbutamol/…
Published	10/21/2024	Medications for COPDCombination {{c1::Long-Acting::Short acting or Long Acting}} Beta2-Agonist plus Anticholinergic All are administered {{c…
Published	10/21/2024	COPD EXACERBATIONSthe mortality of acute COPD exacerbations is {{c1::greater::less or greater}} than that of exacerbation of asthmamanagement does…
Published	10/21/2024	PREVENTION OF COPD EXACERBATIONSFor patients with a history of {{c1::two or more}} exacerbations per year, {{c2::daily::Daily/Weekly/Mo…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Dupilumab}} is approved for patients with:moderate to severe {{c2::asthma}}, whether with an {{c3::eosinophilic}} phenotype or {{…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Omalizumab}} inhibits the binding of IgE but does not activate IgE already bound to these cells and thus does not provoke mast cell degranu…
Published	10/21/2024	Omalizumab {{c1::inhibits}} the binding of IgE but does not activate IgE already bound to these cells and thus does not provoke mast cell de…
Published	10/21/2024	Omalizumab inhibits the binding of {{c1::IgE}} but does not activate IgE already bound to these cells and thus does not provoke mast cell de…
Published	10/21/2024	Omalizumab inhibits the binding of IgE but does not activate IgE already bound to these cells and thus does not provoke {{c1::mast cell degranula…
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies use is {{c1::restricted}} to patients with moderate to severe astma and evidence of perennial allergic sensitization.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies use is restricted to patients with moderate to severe {{c1::asthma}} and evidence of perennial allergic sensitization.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies use is restricted to patients with moderate to severe astma and evidence of {{c1::perennial allergic sensitization}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies dose administered is adjusted for {{c1::total IgE level}} and body weight.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies dose administered is adjusted for total IgE level and {{c1::body weight}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies is administered by {{c1::subcutaneous}} injection every 2-4 weeks to asthmatic patients.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies is administered by subcutaneous injection every {{c1::2-4 weeks}} to asthmatic patients.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies is administered by subcutaneous injection every 2-4 weeks to {{c1::asthmatic}} patients.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies}} is administered by subcutaneous injection every 2-4 weeks to asthmatic patients.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies lowers {{c1::free plasma IgE}} to undetectable levels and significantly reduces the magnitude of both early a…
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies lowers free plasma IgE to {{c1::undetectable}} levels and significantly reduces the magnitude of both early a…
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies lowers free plasma IgE to undetectable levels and significantly {{c1::reduces}} the magnitude of both early a…
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies lowers free plasma IgE to undetectable levels and significantly reduces the magnitude of both early and late {{c1:…
Published	10/21/2024	Most important clinical effect of {{c1::Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies}} is reduction in the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations,…
Published	10/21/2024	Most important clinical effect of Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies is {{c1::reduction}} in the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations,…
Published	10/21/2024	Most important clinical effect of Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies is reduction in the {{c1::frequency}} and {{c2::severity}} of ast…
Published	10/21/2024	Most important clinical effect of Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies is reduction in the frequency and severity of {{c1::asthma exacerbations}}, whil…
Published	10/21/2024	Most important clinical effect of Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies is reduction in the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations, while enabling a&…
Published	10/21/2024	Most important clinical effect of Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies is reduction in the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations, while enabling a …
Published	10/21/2024	Patients most likely to respond to Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies are those with a history of {{c1::repeated exacerbations}} and those with high requi…
Published	10/21/2024	Patients most likely to respond to Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies are those with a history of repeated exacerbations and those with high requirement f…
Published	10/21/2024	Patients most likely to respond to Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies are those with a history of repeated exacerbations and those with high requirement f…
Published	10/21/2024	The addition of {{c1::omalizumab}} to standard, guideline-based therapy for asthmatic inner-city children and adolescents in early summer signifi…
Published	10/21/2024	The use of omalizumab nearly eliminated the autumnal peak in {{c1::asthma exacerbations}} for inner-city children and adolescents.
Published	10/21/2024	The use of omalizumab nearly eliminated the autumnal peak in asthma exacerbations for {{c1::inner-city children and adolescents}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Omalizumab is effective as a treatment for chronic recurrent {{c1::urticaria}}.
Published	10/21/2024	In addition to asthma, omalizumab is effective in the treatment of {{c1::peanut}} allergy.
Published	10/21/2024	T2 cells secrete {{c1::IL-5}} as a pro-eosinophilic cytokine that results in eosinophilic airway inflammation.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::T2 cells}} secrete IL-5 as a pro-eosinophilic cytokine that results in eosinophilic airway inflammation.
Published	10/21/2024	T2 cells secrete IL-5 as a {{c1::pro-eosinophilic cytokine}} that results in eosinophilic airway inflammation.
Published	10/21/2024	T2 cells secrete IL-5 as a pro-eosinophilic cytokine that results in {{c1::eosinophilic airway}} inflammation.
Published	10/21/2024	A substantial proportion of patients with severe asthma have airway and peripheral {{c1::eosinophilia}} driven by up-regulation of IL-5-secreting T2 l…
Published	10/21/2024	A substantial proportion of patients with severe asthma have airway and peripheral eosinophilia driven by up-regulation of IL-5-secreting {{c1::T2 lym…
Published	10/21/2024	Two humanized monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-5 are {{c1::mepolizumab}} and reslizumab.
Published	10/21/2024	Two humanized monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-5 are mepolizumab and {{c1::reslizumab}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Another targeting the IL-5 receptor, {{c1::benralizumab}}, have recently been developed for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma.
Published	10/21/2024	Another targeting the IL-5 receptor, benralizumab, have recently been developed for the treatment of {{c1::severe eosinophilic}} asthma.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Anti-IL-5 therapy}} is effective in improving pulmonary function in asthmatic patients with peripheral eosinophilia.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IL-5 therapy is effective in improving {{c1::pulmonary}} function in asthmatic patients with peripheral eosinophilia.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IL-5 therapy is effective in {{c1::improving}} pulmonary function in asthmatic patients with peripheral eosinophilia.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IL-5 therapy is effective in improving pulmonary function in asthmatic patients with {{c1::peripheral eosinophilia}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IL-5 therapy helps in {{c1::preventing}} exacerbations in asthmatic patients with peripheral eosinophilia.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IL-5 therapy helps in preventing {{c1::exacerbations}} in asthmatic patients with peripheral eosinophilia.
Published	10/21/2024	Anti-IL-5 therapy helps in preventing exacerbations in asthmatic patients with {{c1::peripheral eosinophilia}}.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Anti-IL-5 therapy}} helps in preventing exacerbations in asthmatic patients with peripheral eosinophilia.
Published	10/21/2024	The approval of anti-IL-5 therapy for severe asthma is based on its effectiveness in patients with the {{c1::eosinophilic}} phenotype.
Published	10/21/2024	Characterized clinically by recurrent bouts of shortness of breath, chest tightness, and wheezing, often associated with coughing. AsthmaBronchiectasi…
Published	10/21/2024	Characterized physiologically by widespread, reversible narrowing of the bronchial airways and a marked increase in bronchial responsiveness to inhale…
Published	10/21/2024	Asthma is characterized pathologically by {{c1::lymphocytic}} {{c2::eosinophilic}} inflammation of the bronchial mucosa.
Published	10/21/2024	What pulmonary condition is characterized by “remodeling” of the bronchial mucosa, with thickening of the lamina reticularis beneath the airway epithe…
Published	10/21/2024	Causes of airway narrowing in acute asthmatic attacks or asthma exacerbations:
Published	10/21/2024	In Asthma, the measures of impairment are based on: {{c1::frequency and severity}} of symptoms{{c2::severity of airflow obstruction}} on pulmonary fun…
Published	10/21/2024	In Asthma, the measures of risk are based on: {{c1::susceptibility to asthma exacerbations}}
Published	10/21/2024	In Asthma, the risk factors for exacerbations include:
Published	10/21/2024	What kind of immunoglobulin antibody mediated classic allergic asthma?IgAIgGIgMIgE
Published	10/21/2024	Allergens/foreign proteins that trigger asthma:
Published	10/21/2024	True or False: The tendency to produce IgE is at least in part genetically determined.
Published	10/21/2024	Where does IgE bind on mast cells in the airway mucosa?High-affinity receptors (FCER-1)Low-affinity receptors (FCER-1)
Published	10/21/2024	Re-exposure to the allergen triggers the release of {{c1::mediators}} stored in the {{c2::mast cell’s granules}}
Published	10/21/2024	Mediators of Anaphylaxis:
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Histamine}} {{c2::Tryptase}} {{c3::Leukotrienes C4 and D4}} and {{c4::Prostaglandin D2}} that are released causes the smooth muscle contraction …
Published	10/21/2024	Histamine, tryptase, leukotrienes C4 and D4, and prostaglandin D2 provoke contraction of airway smooth muscle causing what event?Immediate rise in FEV…
Published	10/21/2024	Forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1): The maximal volume of air exhaled in the {{c1::first second}} of a {{c2::forced exhalation}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Re-exposure to allergen also causes the synthesis and release of a variety of cytokines: interleukins (IL) {{c1::4}} and {{c2::5}}, granulocyte-macrop…
Published	10/21/2024	The "late asthmatic response" follows in {{c1::3-6 hours}} by a second, a more sustained phase of {{c2::bronchoconstriction}}.
Published	10/21/2024	The cytokines in turn attract and activate {{c1::eosinophils}} and {{c2::neutrophils}}, whose products include eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), majo…
Published	10/21/2024	A major limitation to this classic conception of asthma as an allergic disease is that it applies only to a subgroup of patients with asthma, those wi…
Published	10/21/2024	Triggers of asthma include inhalation of allergens, viral respiratory infections, distilled water aerosol, exercise, cold air, cigarette smoke, and su…
Published	10/21/2024	The most common trigger for asthma attacks is {{c1::viral infections}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Bronchial hypersensitivity refers to the tendency to develop bronchospasm on encountering {{c1::non allergenic stimuli}}—assessed by measuring the fal…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Bronchial hyperreactivity}} is considered a fundamental characteristic of asthma because it is nearly ubiquitous in patients with asthma, and it…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Adrenoceptor agonists}} or {{c1::sympathomimetic agents}}'relievers" or bronchodilators{{c1::inhaled corticosteroids}}"controllers" or ant…
Published	10/21/2024	Bronchodilation is promoted by {{c1::cAMP}}.Intracellular level this promoter can be:{{c1::Increased::Increased/Decreased}} by Adenylyl cyclase (AC) f…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	Sympathomimetic agents does the following;{{c1::relax}} airway smooth muscle{{c2::Inhibit}} release of bronchoconstrictor mediators from mast cellsMay…
Published	10/21/2024	Sympathomimetic agents are best delivered via?
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	What are the mechanisms at work at each part of the respiratory tract?
Published	10/21/2024	Epinephrine is an effective, and a rapidly acting {{c1::bronchodilator}} when injected subcutaneously ({{c2::0.4}} mL of mg/ml solution or inhaled as …
Published	10/21/2024	Epinephrine stimulates {{c1::a, b1, and b2}} receptors{{c2::Tachycardia}}, {{c3::arrhythmias}}, and {{c4::worsening of angina pectoris}} are potential…
Published	10/21/2024	Ephedrine - longer duration, oral activity, more pronounced {{c1::central effects}}, and much {{c2::lower potency}}Isoproterenol - potent nonselective…
Published	10/21/2024	Most widely used sympathomimetics for the treatment of acute bronchoconstriction
Published	10/21/2024	A handheld aerosol device that uses a propellant to deliver the therapeutic agent
Published	10/21/2024	Reserved for patients unable to coordinate inhalation from a metered-dose inhaler.
Published	10/21/2024	These may be experience by patient taking _________Worsened hypoxemiaCardiac arrhythmia, lactic acidosis, hypokalemiaTachyphylaxis or tolerance when g…
Published	10/21/2024	Beta 2 Selective DrugsPrincipal adverse effects are skeletal muscle tremor, nervousness, and occasional weakness slower onset of action compared to …
Published	10/21/2024	Long Acting Beta Selective Agonist
Published	10/21/2024	ULTRA LONG-ACTING BETA 2 -SELECTIVE AGONISTS
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::DRY POWDER INHALER}}A breath-actuated device that delivers the drug in the form of {{c2::particles}} contained in a {{c2::capsule or blister}}…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Status	Last Update	Fields