Notes in ✧ Langman's Medical Embryology Chapters 1 to 8

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/14/2024	What did Hippocrates write about?
Published	01/14/2024	What did Aristotle write about in "The Generation of Animals"?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the definition of oviparity?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the definition of viviparity?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the definition of ovoviviparity?
Published	01/14/2024	What is ovo-viviparity?
Published	01/14/2024	What is epigenesis?
Published	01/14/2024	Who observed and diagrammed the previously undemonstrated position of the fetus in the uterus of the cow?
Published	01/14/2024	What did Hyeronymus Fabricius of Acquapendente's book "De Formato Foetu" contain?
Published	01/14/2024	What did Bartolomeo Eustachius study in his work on gross and comparative anatomy?
Published	01/14/2024	Who provided the first microscopic account of chick development?
Published	01/14/2024	What did William Harvey question in his studies?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the concept of "ex ovo omnia"?
Published	01/14/2024	What did William Harvey study in the placenta?
Published	01/14/2024	What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek observe for the first time?
Published	01/14/2024	What did Theodore Schwann define as the basic unit of animal structure?
Published	01/14/2024	According to Kaspar Friedrich Wolff, from what do embryonic parts develop?
Published	01/14/2024	Who discovered and explained the structure of the chick blastoderm?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the laws of Embryology according to Karl Ernst von Baer?
Published	01/14/2024	What did Heinrich Rathke first describe in the embryos of mammals and birds?
Published	01/14/2024	Who wrote the first textbook on embryology in 1861?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the Germ cell plasm theory proposed by August Weissman?
Published	01/14/2024	What did Hans Speeman receive the Nobel Prize for in 1936?
Published	01/14/2024	What do genomes contain that is required to make an individual?
Published	01/14/2024	How is information encoded in DNA?
Published	01/14/2024	What do genes code for?
Published	01/14/2024	What do genes regulate?
Published	01/14/2024	What do genes act as?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the basic unit of structure in chromatin?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of genes?
Published	01/14/2024	How many genes are there in the human genome?
Published	01/14/2024	How can gene expression be regulated?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of exons in genes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of introns in genes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of the promoter region in genes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of the translation initiation site in genes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of the translation termination codon in genes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of the 3' untranslated region in genes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is heterochromatin?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the basic unit of structure in DNA and proteins?
Published	01/14/2024	What is heterochromatin?
Published	01/14/2024	What is euchromatin?
Published	01/14/2024	In which direction is DNA transcribed?
Published	01/14/2024	What is a nucleosome?
Published	01/14/2024	How are nucleosomes joined into clusters?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of linker DNA and H1 histones?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the TATA box?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the role of transcription factors?
Published	01/14/2024	How do transcription factors activate gene expression?
Published	01/14/2024	What are enhancers?
Published	01/14/2024	Where are enhancers located?
Published	01/14/2024	What do enhancers bind to?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of transcription factors?
Published	01/14/2024	How do transcription factors affect gene expression?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the role of enhancers in gene regulation?
Published	01/14/2024	What is DNA methylation?
Published	01/14/2024	How does DNA methylation repress transcription?
Published	01/14/2024	What is DNA imprinting?
Published	01/14/2024	How are methylation patterns established during spermatogenesis/oogenesis?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of nuclear RNA or pre-messenger RNA?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the initial transcript of a gene called?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the process called when introns are removed from the nuclear RNA as it moves out of the nucleus?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the purpose of the splicing process?
Published	01/14/2024	What is alternative splicing?
Published	01/14/2024	What are spliceosomes?
Published	01/14/2024	What are splicing isoforms?
Published	01/14/2024	What are post-translational modifications?
Published	01/14/2024	Give examples of post-translational modifications.
Published	01/14/2024	What is induction in the context of gene expression?
Published	01/14/2024	What is an inducer?
Published	01/14/2024	What is a responder?
Published	01/14/2024	What is competence in the context of induction?
Published	01/14/2024	What is required for competence to occur?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the capacity to respond to a signal called?
Published	01/14/2024	What is required for the activation of the responding tissue?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the two types of cells involved in inductive interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells?
Published	01/14/2024	How are epithelial cells joined together?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the appearance of mesenchymal cells?
Published	01/14/2024	Where are mesenchymal cells dispersed?
Published	01/14/2024	Give an example of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions to produce gut-derived organs.
Published	01/14/2024	Give an example of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions to produce limb outgrowth and differentiation.
Published	01/14/2024	Give an example of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions to produce nephrons in the kidney.
Published	01/14/2024	What is the term for inductive interactions between two epithelial tissues?
Published	01/14/2024	What is essential for continued differentiation in cell-cell signaling?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the term for proteins synthesized that diffuse over short distances to interact with other cells?
Published	01/14/2024	What are paracrine interactions?
Published	01/14/2024	What are juxtacrine interactions?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the components of paracrine signaling?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the mode of action in paracrine signaling?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the four families of paracrine signaling factors?
Published	01/14/2024	How do paracrine signaling factors interact with receptors?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs)?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the three genes under the Hedgehog Proteins group?
Published	01/14/2024	What family of proteins are the receptors of WNT Proteins?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the functions of WNT Proteins?
Published	01/14/2024	What are some members of the TGF-B Superfamily?
Published	01/14/2024	Where was TGF-ū1 isolated from?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the functions of TGF-ū members?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of the BMP Family?
Published	01/14/2024	What family of proteins induces bone formation?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the functions of BMP Family proteins?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the three ways juxtacrine signaling can occur?
Published	01/14/2024	What are gap junctions?
Published	01/14/2024	What does ECM stand for?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the components of the ECM?
Published	01/14/2024	What are integrins?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of integrins?
Published	01/14/2024	What is an example of integrin function?
Published	01/14/2024	What is Sonic Hedgehog?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the key signaling pathway involved in development?
Published	01/14/2024	How does SHH establish concentration gradients?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the role of GLI transcription factors in the SHH pathway?
Published	01/14/2024	How is the specificity of SHH expression regulated in different cell types?
Published	01/14/2024	What modifications occur to the SHH protein after translation?
Published	01/14/2024	How is SHH released from the plasma membrane?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the role of the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway?
Published	01/14/2024	Give an example of convergent extension in development.
Published	01/14/2024	What is the principal pathway involved in tissue extension?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the components of the WNT Pathway?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the role of Notch transmembrane receptors in the Notch pathway?
Published	01/14/2024	What type of signaling is required for Notch pathway activation?
Published	01/14/2024	How does Notch signaling affect gene transcription?
Published	01/14/2024	What are some processes in which Notch signaling is involved?
Published	01/14/2024	What is Notch signaling involved in?
Published	01/14/2024	What is Alagille syndrome characterized by?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the mutations associated with Alagille syndrome?
Published	01/14/2024	What is a placode in embryology?
Published	01/14/2024	What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?
Published	01/14/2024	What does the transverse plane divide the body into?
Published	01/14/2024	What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide the body into?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the medial plane also known as?
Published	01/14/2024	What is a parasagittal plane?
Published	01/14/2024	What is embryology?
Published	01/14/2024	How long is the prenatal period?
Published	01/14/2024	What does LMP refer to in gynecology timing?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the average duration of the period before birth?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the difference between fetal age and gestational age?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the duration of the embryonic period?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during the fetal period?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the three primary germ tissues that form during the embryonic period?
Published	01/14/2024	Where are primordial germ cells formed?
Published	01/14/2024	What is gametogenesis?
Published	01/14/2024	How many homologous pairs of chromosomes are there in humans?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the result of mitosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the haploid number of chromosomes in each gamete?
Published	01/14/2024	How many genes do humans have in their 46 chromosomes?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during prophase?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during prometaphase?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during metaphase?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during anaphase?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during telophase?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the outcome of mitosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the outcome of mitosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What is meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	How many cell divisions are required in meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens in Meiosis I?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens in Meiosis II?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the results of meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the purpose of meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during prophase 1 of meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What must a cell undergo before entering Meiosis I?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the stages of Meiosis 1?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during the Leptotene stage of Meiosis 1?
Published	01/14/2024	What is synapsis?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the synaptonemal complex?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during the Pachytene stage of Meiosis 1?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during the Diplotene stage of Meiosis 1?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during the Diakinesis stage of Meiosis 1?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during Metaphase 1 of Meiosis 1?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens during Anaphase 1 of Meiosis 1?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the protein that covers the arms of the sister chromatids in meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the chiasmata in meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	Why can't pairing be broken at the centromere in meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the chromosomes in telophase 1 of meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	When does cytokinesis occur in meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What are crossovers in meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	How many crossovers occur with each meiosis I?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the cells in meiosis II?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the result of meiosis II in terms of DNA content?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the outcomes of meiosis II in terms of chromosome number?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the cells in prophase II of meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the cohesin proteins in centromeres during anaphase II of meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the chromosomes in telophase II of meiosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the outcome of meiotic division in terms of chromosome number?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the outcome of Meiotic division?
Published	01/14/2024	What are polar bodies?
Published	01/14/2024	Where do primordial germ cells (PGCs) come from?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the purpose of the migration of primordial germ cells?
Published	01/14/2024	Do both male and female germ cells undergo gametogenesis?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the process of maturation of gametes in females called?
Published	01/14/2024	When does oogenesis begin?
Published	01/14/2024	What is formed during female maturation from primitive germ cell to mature gamete?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to some oogonia after repeated mitotic divisions?
Published	01/14/2024	How many primary oocytes develop into mature gametes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the process by which some oogonia arrest in Prophase I of Meiosis I to form primary oocytes?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to many oogonia during this process?
Published	01/14/2024	Where are the follicular cells derived from?
Published	01/14/2024	What is a primordial follicle?
Published	01/14/2024	How many primary oocytes are present at the 5th month of gestation?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the majority of primary oocytes by the 7th month of gestation?
Status	Last Update	Fields