Notes in Embryology

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Published	09/29/2023	Fertilization of the oocyte by spermatozoa happens in the {{c1::ampulla of the fallopian tube}}.
Published	09/29/2023	For fertilization to occur, the spermatozoa must go through {{c1::capacitation}}, which allows for {{c1::easier enzyme release from the sperm acrosome…
Published	09/29/2023	In {{c1::phase I::which phase}} of fertilization, the capacitated spermatozoa penetrates {{c2::the corona radiata}}, which is the {{c2::layer of folli…
Published	09/29/2023	In {{c1::phase II::which phase}} of fertilization, the spermatozoa binds to the {{c2::zona pellucida::oocyte layer}} and releases {{c2::acro…
Published	09/29/2023	When spermatozoa reaches the oocyte in {{c1::phase II::which phase}} of fertilization, {{c2::zona reaction}} occurs, in which {{c3::cortical granules}…
Published	09/29/2023	In {{c1::phase III::which phase}} of fertilization, the oocyte undergoes {{c2::meiosis II::division process}}, forming {{c2::a female p…
Published	09/29/2023	The first cleavage division of the zygote results in {{c1::two blastomere cells}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::morula}} is comprised of {{c2::16 compacted cells}} divided into two zones: {{c2::inner and outer cell mass.}}
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::inner cell mass}} of the morula becomes the {{c2::embryoblast zone}} of the blastocyst.The {{c1::outer cell mass}} of the morula becomes the…
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Published	09/29/2023	Implantation outside of the uterine cavity is termed {{c1::ectopic pregnancy}}.
Published	09/29/2023	At implantation, the uterus is in {{c1::secretory phase}}.High {{c2::progesterone}} released from {{c1::corpus luteum}} of ovary develops {{c2::endome…
Published	09/29/2023	During implantation, the trophoblast cells proliferates into two layers:- {{c1::Cytotrophoblast}}- {{c1::Syncytiotrophoblast}}, which {{c2::penetrate …
Published	09/29/2023	During implantation, the embryoblast cells proliferates into two layers:- {{c1::Hypoblast}} at the {{c2::ventral}} side of embryo which lines {{c2::th…
Published	09/29/2023	The extraembryonic mesoderm splits into two layers:- Extraembryonic {{c1::somatic}} mesoderm- Extraembryonic {{c1::splanchnic}} mesoderm
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)}} maintains viability of the {{c2::corpus luteum}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Gastrulation begins with the {{c1::formation of the primitive groove}} at the {{c2::center of the epiblast layer}} from {{c1::caudal}} to {{c1::crania…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Invagination}} is the process in which {{c2::epiblast cells}} migrate towards and under the {{c2::primitive groove}}. {{c1::Invagination}} …
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::notochord}} is formed from the {{c2::mesoderm}} and secretes {{c2::Sonic HedgeHog (SHH) protein}} that {{c2::guides tissue differentiation}}…
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::notochord}} starts neurulation and stimulates {{c2::ectoderm}} cells to form the {{c2::neural plate}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::notochord}} stimulates {{c2::folding of the neural plate}}, forming neural grooves and folds, and eventually the {{c2::neural tube}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::somite}} of the {{c2::paraxial mesoderm}} differentiates into {{c3::dermatome (dermis)}}, {{c3::myotome (muscle)}}, and {{c3::sclerotome (bo…
Published	09/29/2023	The mesoderm cells differentiate into three distinct zones: {{c1::paraxial mesoderm}}, {{c1::intermediate medoderm}}, and {{c1::lateral mesoderm}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::parietal/somatic layer of the lateral mesoderm}} gives rise to {{c2::parietal pleura}} and {{c2::dermis, bones and connective tissue of limb…
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::intermediate mesoderm}} gives rise to {{c2::urogenital structures}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::endoderm}} gives rise to the epithelial cell linings of the {{c2::GI tract}} and {{c2::respiratory tract}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Failure of closure of the {{c2::caudal neuropore}} causes {{c1::spina bifida}} and {{c1::spina bifida occulta}}
Published	09/29/2023	Failure of closure of the {{c1::cranial neuropore}} causes {{c2::encephalocele}} and {{c2::anencephaly}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Meningocele}} is a type of {{c2::spina bifida}}, caused by incomplete closure of the {{c2::caudal neuropore}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::visceral/splanchnic layer of the lateral mesoderm}} gives rise to {{c2::walls of gut tube}}, {{c2::inner linings of body cavities}}, and {{c…
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c1::gut tube}} is formed by "pinching off" of {{c2::endoderm}} and {{c2::visceral/splanchnic mesoderm}}.
Published	09/29/2023	The {{c2::foregut}} gives rise to {{c1::Lungs::Little}} {{c1::Esophagus::Embryo}} {{c1::Pancreas::People}} {{c1::Duodenum (proxima…
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