Notes in 07: Neuromuscular Junction

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Published	04/18/2024	Treating an organophosphate poisoning is two fold: - {{c1::Atropine}}, which inhibits all subtypes of {{c1::muscarinic receptors}}- {{c2::Pralidoxime}…
Published	04/18/2024	{{c3::Small cell}} lung carcinoma may produce antibodies against {{c1::presynaptic Ca2+ channels}}, causing {{c2::Lambert-Eaton myasthenic}} syndrome
Published	04/18/2024	The effects of cholinergic toxicity may be remembered with the mnemonic {{c1::DUMBBELSS}}
Published	04/18/2024	The effects of {{c1::cholinergic}} toxicity may be remembered with the mnemonic "DUMBBELSS": {{c1::Diarrhea::D}}{{c1::Urination::U}}{{c1::Miosis::M}}{…
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Pyridostigmine}} is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is used as long-acting treatment for {{c2::myasthenia gravis}}
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Edrophonium}} is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that was historically used to diagnose myasthenia gravis
Published	04/18/2024	Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis with edrophonium has been replaced by {{c1::anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody}} tests
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Organophosphates}} are a type of {{c3::acetylcholinesterase}} inhibitor found in many {{c2::insecticides}}
Published	04/18/2024	Do organophosphates (e.g. parathion) reversibly or irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?{{c1::Irreversibly (with time)}}
Published	04/18/2024	What demographic is associated with organophosphate poisoning?{{c1::Farmers}}
Published	04/18/2024	Organophosphate toxicity may be treated with {{c1::atropine}}, which is a competitive inhibitor at {{c2::muscarinic}} receptors only
Published	04/18/2024	Which antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning reverses the central muscarinic effects?{{c1::Atropine}}
Published	04/18/2024	Thymoma is a benign neoplasm of thymus associated with {{c1::myasthenia gravis::autoimmune}}, {{c2::SVC syndrome::lung/vascular}}, {{c3::pure red cell…
Published	04/18/2024	{{c2::Myasthenia gravis}} is caused by autoantibodies to {{c1::post}}synaptic {{c1::ACh receptors}} at the NMJ
Published	04/18/2024	What gender is more commonly affected by myasthenia gravis? {{c1::Females}}
Published	04/18/2024	Myasthenia gravis classically involves the eyes, leading to {{c1::ptosis}} and {{c1::diplopia}}
Published	04/18/2024	Do the symptoms of myasthenia gravis improve with administration of an AChE inhibitor (e.g. edrophonium)? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	04/18/2024	Myasthenia gravis may present as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with {{c1::thymoma (may also have thymic hyperplasia)}}
Published	04/18/2024	{{c2::Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)}} is caused by autoantibodies to {{c1::pre}}-synaptic {{c1::voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)}} at …
Published	04/18/2024	Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome presents with muscle weakness that {{c1::improves}} with muscle use
Published	04/18/2024	Which is more common, myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome?{{c1::Myasthenia gravis}}
Published	04/18/2024	The second step of muscle contraction occurs after {{c1::ACh}} has been released by the motor neuron and binds to {{c2::nicotinic cholinergic}} recept…
Published	04/18/2024	Which bacteria is commonly transmitted via improper canning of food?{{c1::Clostridium botulinum}}
Published	04/18/2024	The flaccid paralysis in Clostridium botulinum is a(n) {{c1::descending::ascending or descending}} paralysis
Published	04/18/2024	Clostridium botulinum can present with what early clinical signs?{{c1::Diplopia & ptosis::2}}
Published	04/18/2024	Does Clostridium botulinum affect the CNS, PNS, or both?{{c1::PNS}}
Published	04/18/2024	Clostridium botulinum in adults causes botulism via ingestion of {{c1::preformed toxin::preformed toxin or spores}}
Published	04/18/2024	Clostridium botulinum in babies causes botulism via ingestion of {{c1::spores}} from {{c1::honey or juice::food}}
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Botulinum toxin}} is an exotoxin from Clostridium botulinum that cleaves {{c2::SNARE}} proteins required for {{c2::neurotransmitter (ACh)}} rele…
Published	04/18/2024	Botulinum toxin of Clostridium botulinum targets {{c1::motor}} neurons
Published	04/18/2024	Which neurotransmitter's release is prevented by the botulinum toxin from Clostridium botulinum?{{c1::Acetylcholine}}
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Floppy baby syndrome}} is due to {{c2::Clostridium botulinum}} infection; seen in babies following ingestion of spores in honey
Published	04/18/2024	Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with {{c1::small cell lung cancer}}
Published	04/18/2024	Food poisoning via {{c1::Clostridium botulinum}} toxin can block both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Published	04/18/2024	How does the activity of acetylcholinesterase change with lowered temperatures?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	04/18/2024	Patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome present with {{c1::autonomic}} symptoms (dry mouth, constipation, impotence)
Published	04/18/2024	The majority of patients (>60%) with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome have involvement of the {{c1::oculobulbar}} cranial nerves
Published	04/18/2024	Once a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is established, patients should receive a chest CT/MRI to evaluate for {{c1::thymoma}}
Published	04/18/2024	If a patient's ptosis is due to {{c2::myasthenia gravis}}, application of a(n) {{c1::ice pack}} over the eyelids will result in improvement in ptosis
Published	04/18/2024	Which neuromuscular junction pathology is characterized by diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes?{{c1::Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome::MG or LE…
Published	04/18/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with hypothyroidism and myasthenia gravis who presents with shallow respirations, tachypnea, and tachycardia…
Published	04/18/2024	Which neuromuscular junction pathology is characterized by proximal lower extremity muscle weakness?{{c1::Lambert-Eaton syndrome::MG or LEMS}}
Published	04/18/2024	Myasthenia gravis may present with progressive {{c1::bulbar palsy}}, characterized by dysarthria, dysphagia, and difficulty chewing
Published	04/18/2024	Which neuromuscular junction pathology is characterized by proximal upper extremity muscle weakness?{{c1::Both :) (MG > LEMS)::MG or LEMS}}
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Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Rapid nerve stimulation}} testing is when you stimulate a muscle to fire over and over again to see if you can get it to fatigue (increased…
Published	04/18/2024	{{c1::Single-fiber EMG}} is when you target a single muscle fiber and try to do rapid stimulation on it to see if there is weakening and fatigue …
Published	04/18/2024	To treat the symptoms in myasthenia gravis, you want to use {{c1::acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (pyridostigmine)}}To treat the autoimmunity in myast…
Published	04/18/2024	To treat a myasthenic crisis, you want to follow the {{c1::ABCs}}
Published	04/18/2024	To diagnost, you can test for the {{c1::pre-synpatic Ca 2+}} antibodies in Lambert-Easthon Myasthenic Syndrome
Published	04/18/2024	Repetitive Nerve stimulation would show an {{c1::increase}} in frequency in Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Published	04/18/2024	Since LEMS is highly associated wite {{c1::lung cancer::condition}}, you want to get a CT chest/abdomen/pelvis or a PET scan
Published	04/18/2024	You treat LEMS with 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP). What is it's MOA?{{c1::Inhibits K+ efflux, promoting prolonged depolarization of the pre-synaptic t…
Published	04/18/2024	Botulism can also be due to getting a {{c1::wound}} infected with clostridium botulinum
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Published	04/18/2024	In organophosphate poisoning, you have {{c1::increased::increased vs. decreased}} cholinergic tone (Ach) due to inhibition of {{c2::cholinesterase}}
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