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Published	08/28/2024	Identify the five different types of celular adaptations and whether they involve a change in size/number of cells or a change in cell type/structure.…
Published	08/28/2024	What is Hypertrophy? {{c1:: ↑ structural proteins and organelles → ↑ size of cells → ↑ size of organ}}
Published	08/28/2024	Differentiate between {{c1::physiological}} hypertrophy and {{c2::pathological}} hypertrophy.{{c1:: Physiological hypertrophy: This is a normal adapta…
Published	08/28/2024	Whta is pathological hypertrophy? {{c1::An Enlargement of cells that inhibit regular function and induces disease. Example: a pathological enlarg…
Published	08/28/2024	What is hyperplasia? {{c1::Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus. Happens because of hormone growth fac…
Published	08/28/2024	Physiological hyperplasia vs Pathological hyperplasia{{c1:: Physiological: normal adaption due to physiological stimuli. For example: The breast of a …
Published	08/28/2024	What is Atrophy?{{c1::Reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number.}}
Published	08/28/2024	Physiological Atrophy vs Pathological Atrophy{{c1:: Normal adaption in response to physiological stimuli. Example: Reduction of uterus size after preg…
Published	08/28/2024	What are the mechanisms for atrophy?{{c1:: - Decreasein cell size and organelles.          - Decrease protein synthesis (meta…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the function of autophagy?{{c1:: auto as in "self "and phagy as in "to eat". So autophagy quite literally means to eat itself and it serves: &…
Published	08/28/2024	Whta is the mechanism for Autophagy?{{c1:: 1. Environmental clues (starvation or depletion of growth factors) activate an initiation complex whi…
Published	08/28/2024	What is metaplasia?{{c1:: Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type. The ne…
Published	08/28/2024	What causes cell injury? {{c1:: When cells can no longer adapt to a stress When cell are exposed to inherently damaging agents When cells suff…
Published	08/28/2024	What is time lag in cell injury?{{c1:: It's the time between the exposure to the stress and morphologic cellular features of injury}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are some causative agents of cell injury? List some examples{{c1::Hypoxia : reduction in oxygen (ischemia, cardio failure, anemia, poisoning, blo…
Published	08/28/2024	Severity of cell injury depends on...{{c1:: cell type, state, and adaptability}}
Published	08/28/2024	Response of the cell to injury depends on...{{c1:: the nature of the injury, severity, and its duration}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are some mechanisms of cell injury?{{c1:: Mitochondrial damage (including depletion of ATP)Entry of Ca2+Free Radicals }}
Published	08/28/2024	Depletion of ATP as a mechanism of Cell Injury {{c1:: Lower ATP levels decrease oxidative phsophorylation which eventually cause accumulation of …
Published	08/28/2024	Influx of Calcium 2+ as a mechanism of cell injury {{c1:: Calcium levels inside the cell are usually very low, if that increases it can be toxic …
Published	08/28/2024	What are some of the pathological effects of free radicals?{{c1::Reactive Oxidative Species are able to interact with components of the lipid membrane…
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Cell Swelling{{c1:: - Cell swelling: -Failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in cell membrane which leads to failure of cell to maintain…
Published	08/28/2024	What are some microscopy changes due to cell injury?{{c1::Cell swelling and Fatty changes}}
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Fatty change as a microscopic change of cell injury {{c1:: Lipid vacuoles in cell cytoplasmSeen in liver and myocardial cells (can be se…
Published	08/28/2024	What causes cell death?{{c1::Overwhelming and irreversible cell injury}}
Published	08/28/2024	Apoptotic vs Necrotic mechanisms of cell death{{c1::}}
Published	08/28/2024	Differences between apoptosis and necrosis {{c1::Apoptosis is more of a "natural" controlled way of cell death while necrosis occurs more dramati…
Published	08/28/2024	What are the three ways that a nucleus gets destroyed?{{c1:: -Karyolysis: Complete breakdown of nuclear material > cell loses nuclear basophilia (…
Published	08/28/2024	What is Coagulative necrosis? {{c1::Necrosis in which the tissue demonstrates preservation of its architecture for a few days . Caused by sudden …
Published	08/28/2024	What is liquifactive Necrosis?{{c1:: Dead cells are digested, turning the tissue into a liquid viscous mass (Ischemia in the brain and CNS, some bacte…
Published	08/28/2024	What is Caseous Necrosis?{{c1:: Necrosis with a friable, white appearance due to collections of dead cells. Looks like cream cheese. (Necrotizing gran…
Published	08/28/2024	What is Gangreneous Necrosis?{{c1::Term to describe coagulative necrosis involving the distal extremities or GI tract (ischemia of a limb or GI tract)…
Published	08/28/2024	What is Fat Necrosis?{{c1::A term used to describe fat destruction .Traumatic and enzymatic etiologies (Acute pancreatitis – Pancreatic enzymes leak o…
Published	08/28/2024	What is Fibrinoid Necrosis?{{c1:: Term used to describe necrosis of blood vessel walls due to antigenantibody complexes (“immune complexes”) . Chroni…
Published	08/28/2024	What is Apoptosis? {{c1::Programmed death of cell that is initiated to remove the cell without eliciting an inflammatory response}}
Published	08/28/2024	WHAT ARE MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES OF APOPTOSIS?{{c1::Cell shrinkage and chromatin condensationFormation of apoptotic bodies (cytoplasmic blebs and …
Published	08/28/2024	What are the two pathways of apoptosis? {{c1:: The mitochondrial or Intrinsic Pathway and The Death Receptor or Extrinsic Pathway }}
Published	08/28/2024	Describe features of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway{{c1:: Regulated by BCL2 family of proteinsBAX and BAK = proapoptotic genes (Activation ca…
Published	08/28/2024	Describe features of the extrinsic (death receptor-initiated) pathway{{c1::Initiated by various signals which interact with a cell’s “death receptor”.…
Published	08/28/2024	Describe features of the execution phase of apoptosis{{c1::The two initiating pathways converge to a cascade of caspase activation, which mediates the…
Published	08/28/2024	Drugs that block caspase protease activity...{{c1:: blocks apoptosis (prevents cell death)}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are the 4 targets of Caspases?{{c1::}}
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