Notes in Didactic Term 1::Pharm 1::Exam 1::Intro&ANS

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Published	02/11/2025	The autonomic nervous system is under {{c1::involuntary}} control
Published	02/11/2025	Where do the actions of ANS and its neurotransmitters take place?
Published	02/11/2025	Where are the central parts of the ANS located?
Published	02/11/2025	{{c1::Sensory afferent nerves}} refers to any nerve that carries sensory information from the body towards the central nervous system (CNS)
Published	02/11/2025	{{c1::Afferent autonomic nerves}} are sensory nerves within the autonomic nervous system which monitors visceral function and transmits that informati…
Published	02/11/2025	Provide Two examples of afferent autonomic nerves. What type of sensory information does afferent autonomic nerves provide to the CNS ? (4 specific ex…
Published	02/11/2025	Where are the baroreceptors that detect changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) located?
Published	02/11/2025	Vasomotor reflex: Detection of a decrease or low MAP by baroreceptors causes:
Published	02/11/2025	Vasomotor reflex: Detection of a increased or high MAP by baroreceptors causes:
Published	02/11/2025	CNS efferent preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers exit from brain stem or spinal cord and terminate {{c1::in autonomic ganglia}}
Published	02/11/2025	Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic NS leave through {{c1::cranial and sacral nerves.}}
Published	02/11/2025	Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic NS leave through paravertebral chains along the {{c1::thoracolumbar region of spinal cord.}}
Published	02/11/2025	Which branch of the ANS has a more diffuse network of nerves? Why?
Published	02/11/2025	What is the primary neurotransmitter of the PSYMP nervous system and which receptors does it act on?
Published	02/11/2025	How is Ach synthesized, secreted and metabolized?
Published	02/11/2025	Which peripheral ANS fibers synthesize and release acetylcholine e.g. which are cholinergic fibers?
Published	02/11/2025	Which sympathetic postganglionic fibers are also cholinergic?
Published	02/11/2025	NE is synthesized from tyrosine
Published	02/11/2025	Where are M1 receptors found?
Published	02/11/2025	Where are M2 receptors found?
Published	02/11/2025	Where are M3 receptors found?
Published	02/11/2025	Activation of M2 receptor causes:
Published	02/11/2025	Activation of M3 receptor causes:
Published	02/11/2025	What are the receptors associated with the SYMP NS?
Published	02/11/2025	Beta-1 receptors are found in the…
Published	02/11/2025	Beta-2 receptors are found in the…
Published	02/11/2025	Beta-3 receptors are found in the…
Published	02/11/2025	Stimulation of B-1 receptors causes:
Published	02/11/2025	Stimulation of B-2 receptors causes:
Published	02/11/2025	Stimulation of B-3 receptors causes:
Published	02/11/2025	A-1 receptors are found in….
Published	02/11/2025	Stimulation of A-1 receptors causes:
Published	02/11/2025	Stimulation of A-2 receptors causes:
Published	02/11/2025	A-2 receptors are found in the…
Published	02/11/2025	What are the effects of cholinomimetic drugs?
Published	02/11/2025	What are the two types of cholinomimetic drugs? Explain the difference between these two types.
Published	02/11/2025	{{c1::Irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI’s)}} are implicated in cholinergic toxicity.
Published	02/11/2025	What are some examples of common irreversible AChEIs?
Published	02/11/2025	How is a cholinergic crisis treated?
Published	02/11/2025	Treatment for acute cholinergic crisis must be initiated within {{c1::36 hours}}
Published	02/11/2025	{{c1::Parasympatholytics or antimuscarinics}} are a class of drugs that block activity at M receptors.
Published	02/11/2025	Antimuscarinic drugs block M receptors and {{c1::prevent the binding of Ach.}}
Published	02/11/2025	Which antimuscarinic (class) can cross the BBB? Why?
Published	02/11/2025	What are the adverse effects (AE) of antimuscarinic agents?
Published	02/11/2025	Atropine is the prototypal naturally occurring muscarinic agent derived from the {{c1::belladonna plant}}
Published	02/11/2025	Antimuscarinic medications are contraindicated in which conditions?
Published	02/11/2025	What are the common causes of antimuscarinic toxicity?
Published	02/11/2025	What is the antidote for antimuscarinic toxicity?
Published	02/11/2025	Inotropic drugs affect {{c1::force and contractility of cardiac muscle}}
Published	02/11/2025	A drug that is considered a positive inotropic drug will {{c1::increase}} the strength and force of contraction.
Published	02/11/2025	Chronotropic drugs affect {{c1::heart rate}}
Published	02/11/2025	Dromotropic drugs affect the {{c1::velocity of impulse conduction}}
Published	02/11/2025	A positive chronotropic drug would
Published	02/11/2025	A negative chronotropic drug would
Published	02/11/2025	A negative dromotropic drug would
Published	02/11/2025	A negative dromotropic drugs would
Published	02/11/2025	{{c1::Epinephrine}} is released from the adrenal medulla by the stimulation of nicotinic preganglionic fibers
Published	02/11/2025	Describe epinephrine’s potency on alpha and beta receptors?
Published	02/11/2025	Effects of epinephrine on:HR: BP: SV:CO:Respiratory tract: Common indications:Possible AEs:
Published	02/11/2025	Norepinephrine has a great effect primarily on alpha receptors
Published	02/11/2025	Effects of norepinephrine on:BP: PVR:HR:CO:Common use:
Published	02/11/2025	Dopamine works on vascular dopamine receptors and is a {{c1::B-1}} receptor agonist
Published	02/11/2025	Dopamine has a(n) ____ effectChronotropic Ionotropic Dromotropic
Published	02/11/2025	Effect of dopamine at low doses
Published	02/11/2025	Effect of dopamine at high doses
Published	02/11/2025	Define the term beta agonist
Published	02/11/2025	Define selective and nonselective beta agonist
Published	02/11/2025	Define beta antagonist
Published	02/11/2025	Nonselective beta antagonists block beta receptor(s) ______.
Published	02/11/2025	Possible adverse effects (AE) of cholinomimetic drugs?
Published	02/11/2025	Define Pharmacology
Published	02/11/2025	Define Clinical Pharmacology
Published	02/11/2025	Define Drug
Published	02/11/2025	What are the 4 ways of Naming a Drug?
Published	02/11/2025	What are Adverse Reactions?
Published	02/11/2025	What are Contraindications? Examples?
Published	02/11/2025	What are the 4 phases of Pharmacokinetics?
Published	02/11/2025	Define Absorption
Published	02/11/2025	Absorption Factors of a Drug
Published	02/11/2025	List some Routes of Administration of drugs
Published	02/11/2025	Drug formulation solubility from most to least soluble when ingested:
Published	02/11/2025	Where in the body is most of a drug absorbed?
Published	02/11/2025	What organ is involved in the first pass effect?
Published	02/11/2025	Most common mechanism of passing of drugs over a membrane.
Published	02/11/2025	What is the effect of the first pass effect?
Published	02/11/2025	Define Bioavailability.What is bioavailability expressed as?
Published	02/11/2025	Which type of drug is more readily absorbed, charged or uncharged?
Published	02/11/2025	Define Pinocytosis
Published	02/11/2025	What is more permeable, BBB or Placenta?
Published	02/11/2025	D in ADME
Published	02/11/2025	Total drug vs Free Drug
Published	02/11/2025	Define Metabolism
Published	02/11/2025	Where does the majority of drug metabolism take place?
Published	02/11/2025	What are Prodrugs?
Published	02/11/2025	What process is a major source of drug interactions?
Published	02/11/2025	Half Life
Published	02/11/2025	Drug A’s halflife is 6 hours. How long will it take to clear 75% of drug A from a patient’s body?
Published	02/11/2025	How many half lives does it take for a drug to reach a steady state?
Published	02/11/2025	Define Pharmacodynamics
Published	02/11/2025	Efficacy Vs. Potency
Published	02/11/2025	What does the Therapeutic Index measure?
Published	02/11/2025	Primary site of excretion?Other modes of excretion?
Published	02/11/2025	What kinds of ions are more excretable?
Published	02/11/2025	Half Life
Published	02/11/2025	Drug A’s halflife is 6 hours. How long will it take to clear 75% of drug A from a patient’s body?
Published	02/11/2025	How many half lives does it take for a drug to reach a steady state?
Published	02/11/2025	Define Pharmacodynamics
Published	02/11/2025	Efficacy Vs. Potency
Published	02/11/2025	What does the Therapeutic Index measure?
Published	02/11/2025	Examples of drugs with a lower TI.
Published	02/11/2025	What kind of monitoring is done when administering drugs with lower TI?
Published	02/11/2025	A class of drug that binds with a receptor and produces the same response as an endogenous chemical that would normally bind to that receptor.
Published	02/11/2025	A class of drug that combines with a receptor and stimulates the release of an endogenous chemical
Published	02/11/2025	Antagonist
Published	02/11/2025	Irreversible Antagonist
Published	02/11/2025	Hypersensitivity type characterized by inflammation, smooth muscle spasm, anaphylaxis, mediated by IgE antibodies.
Published	02/11/2025	Type III hypersensitivity
Published	02/11/2025	Zero Order drug elimination
Published	02/11/2025	First Order drug elimination
Published	02/11/2025	Muscarinic agonists MOA
Published	02/11/2025	Muscarinic agonists side effects
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does pilocarpine belong to? What is it commonly used for?
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is rarely used for glaucoma; ophthalmic drops have recently been approved for presbyopia
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does bethanechol belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is used for urinary retention or gastricatony after surgery; helps urination post op; tablets or injections
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does cevimeline belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is used for dry mouth sicca conditions
Published	02/11/2025	Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors MOA
Published	02/11/2025	Symptoms of cholinergic toxicity
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does edrophonium belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug was used to diagnose Myasthenia Gravis but is not available in the USA
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does neostigmine belong to?Long or short acting?What is is commonly used for?
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is used for acute colonic pseudo-obstruction or obstruction after the use of meds (colon motility decreased)
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does pyridostigmine belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is rarely used for anticholinergic overdose treatment
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does physostigmine belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is a treatment option for Myasthenia Gravis symptoms and can occasionally be useful to treat anticholinergic OD
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does oral rivastigmine belong to
Published	02/11/2025	These medications are Alzheimer’s meds
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does galantamine (oral and patch) belong to
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does donepezil belong to
Published	02/11/2025	Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor MOA
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does pralidoxime belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug can be combined with atropine to treat overdoses of acetylcholinesterase; toxic organophosphates, sarin and soman nerve gases; must be treat…
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does atropine belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is combined with pralidoxime to treat overdose of acetylcholinesterase; toxic organophosphates, sarin and soman nerve gases; must be treated…
Published	02/11/2025	Antimuscarinics and atropine MOA
Published	02/11/2025	Antimuscarinics and atropine side effects
Published	02/11/2025	What class does ipratropium bromide (atrovent) belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is used as a bronchodilator in COPD as an inhaler or neb solution
Published	02/11/2025	What class does homatropine and methylbromide belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is used for eye procedures to dilate pupils and relax ciliary muscle, applied topically
Published	02/11/2025	What class does glycopyrrolate belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug inhibits GI motility, is used for hyperhidrosis treatment and decreases airway secretions
Published	02/11/2025	What class does scopolamine belong to
Published	02/11/2025	What is the difference between quaternary antimuscarinics and antimuscarinics
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is used to prevent motion sickness and is a patch that can be put behind the ear for 72 hours
Published	02/11/2025	What class does tropicamide belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug is used as a mydriatic to dilate the pupil
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does benztropine (cogentin) belong to
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does trihexyphenidyl (artane) belong to
Published	02/11/2025	These drugs can be used to treat EP effects with antipsychotics; can also be used to treat Parkinson’s disease
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does dicyclomine (bentyl) belong to
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does hyoscyamine sulfate (IB stat and levsin) belong to
Published	02/11/2025	These drugs can be used as an antispasmodic in GI tract for IBS (relieves cramps and pains)
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does oxybutynin (ditropan) belong to
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does tolterodine (detrol) belong to
Published	02/11/2025	This drug can be used to treat urinary incontinence from overactive detrusor muscles
Published	02/11/2025	This drug can have selective effects on bladder for urinary incontinence.Provide:generic name:brand name:class:
Published	02/11/2025	What drug class does albuterol belong to?
Published	02/11/2025	Selective B2 agonist side effects
Published	02/11/2025	Selective B2 agonist used to treat
Published	02/11/2025	Name the selective B2 agonists
Published	02/11/2025	What is the additional use for the B2 agonist terbutaline?
Published	02/11/2025	What are two examples of nonselective Beta agonists?
Published	02/11/2025	What are selective Beta 3 agonists used for?
Published	02/11/2025	Mirabegron drug class? What is used to treat?
Published	02/11/2025	Vibegron drug class? What is it used to treat?
Published	02/11/2025	Examples of Nonselective Beta 1 and Beta 2 blockers
Published	02/11/2025	Beta 2 agonist side effects
Published	02/11/2025	What is the MOA of beta blockers?
Published	02/11/2025	What patients should avoid non selective B1 and B2 blockers?(3 specific patient populations)
Published	02/11/2025	Why should diabetics avoid Beta blockers?
Published	02/11/2025	What is the most common non selective B1 and B2 blocker?
Published	02/11/2025	What is timolol used for?
Published	02/11/2025	What effects do non selective B1 and B2 blockers have on the body?
Published	02/11/2025	What are the Beta 1 selective beta blockers?
Published	02/11/2025	What is the advantage of Beta 1 selective beta blockers?
Published	02/11/2025	What effects do Beta 1 blockers have on the heart?
Published	02/11/2025	Labetalol and Carvedilol are
Published	02/11/2025	What are labetalol and carvedilol used for?
Published	02/11/2025	What Beta blocker is used in pregnancy?
Published	02/11/2025	Phenylephrine is an {{c1::alpha 1}} agonist
Published	02/11/2025	What is Phenylephrine used for? MOI?
Published	02/11/2025	A drug that is a negative inotropic drug will {{c1::decrease}} force and strength of cardiac contraction.
Published	02/11/2025	What usually activates prodrugs?
Published	02/11/2025	A drug that binds covalently to the receptor and cannot be displaced by either competing ligands or washing is an {{c1::IRREVERSIBLE ANTA…
Published	02/11/2025	Drugs bound to proteins are {{c1::INACTIVE}}
Published	02/11/2025	{{c1::Clearance}} is the rate of drug elimination in relation to its concentration
Published	02/11/2025	A drug that enhances the rate of p450 expression is called an {{c1::inducer}}
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