Notes in Phar 111 L2

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Published	10/12/2023	what is the difference between spontaneous and evoked synaptic events
Published	10/12/2023	Because the synaptic cleft is only a few tens of nanometers wide...{{c1::1) neurotransmitter concenctration is high at the moment of release}}{{c1::2)…
Published	10/12/2023	describe the SNARE complex:- snare complex proteins mediate {{c1::vesicle docking and priming onto the presynaptic membrane}}- they are able to resist…
Published	10/12/2023	SNARE complex-mediated docking is regulated by {{c1::PIP2 (signaling phospholipid) }}
Published	10/12/2023	in synaptic vesicle fusion, Vesicle release is triggered by {{c1::calcium}}
Published	10/12/2023	SNARE protein Synaptotagmin 1 is a {{c1::Ca2+ sensor }}
Published	10/12/2023	explain synaptic vesicle fusion1. In the absence of calcium, {{c1::C2B is bound weakly to Ptdlns(4,5)P2}} in the target membrane (docked on the m…
Published	10/12/2023	explain the concept of vesicle kiss and run
Published	10/12/2023	describe the role of calcium channels in the process of synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release1. at resting state, {{c1::a few synaptic …
Published	10/12/2023	during neurotransmitter release...- Concentrations at the cleft when vesicles are releasing neurotransmitters are {{c1::high but transient}} (because …
Published	10/12/2023	EGTA is a {{c1::buffer}} for calcium
Published	10/12/2023	what do calcium buffers do?calcium buffers like {{c1::EGTA and BAPTA}} bind to calcium so that calcium cannot bind to {{c2::Synaptotagmin 1}}this resu…
Published	10/12/2023	if you {{c1::increase}} buffer concentration, the concentration of free calcium {{c1::decreases}}if you {{c1::decrease}} buffer concentration, the coc…
Published	10/12/2023	buffer rate is the {{c1::speed at which the buffer is able to bind to calcium}}if you {{c2::increase}} the buffering rate, the concentration of free c…
Published	10/12/2023	the difference between EGTA and BAPTA is that {{c1::BAPTA}} is faster than {{c1::EGTA}} (higher buffering rate)
Published	10/12/2023	How does calcium contribute to membrane potential1. Calcium Activated Potassium Channels are {{c1::colocalized with Voltage-Gated Calcium channels}}2.…
Published	10/12/2023	Neurotransmitter reuptake in synaptic vesicles- Synaptic vesicles contain {{c1::vesicular proton ATPases  }}- V-H+ ATPases pump protons into…
Published	10/12/2023	Inhibitors of neurotransmitter reuptake in synaptic vesicles- {{c1::Tetrabenazine}} and {{c1::reserpine}} inhibit {{c1::VMAT2}} resulting in the preve…
Published	10/12/2023	Explain the two types of synapses
Published	10/12/2023	describe spatial summation
Published	10/12/2023	describe temporal summation
Published	10/12/2023	In regards to EPSPs, the action potential is an {{c1::all or nothing}} concept. If synapses are spread out in {{c2::time/ space}}, the threshold …
Published	10/12/2023	IPSPs change the membrane potential in the {{c1::negative}} direction
Published	10/12/2023	synaptic vesicle release is {{c1::limited}}- vesicles need to be {{c1::replaced}} in order for synaptic release to occur - if vesicles arent replaced …
Published	10/12/2023	There are “pools” aka groups of vesicles{{c1::Readily releasable pool (RRP)}} – {{c3::docked at the presynaptic membrane, primed for released}} {{c2::…
Published	10/12/2023	Long term potentiation (LTP) are {{c1::transient}}, yet l{{c1::ong lasting}} enhancement in the generation of {{c1::EPSP}}
Published	10/12/2023	describe NMDAR dependent long term potentiations1) NMDAR channels allow for {{c1::Calcium}} to enter postsynaptic terminal 2) this activates a {{c1::k…
Published	10/12/2023	what happens in presynaptic long term potentiationsmodifications in the presynaptic terminals allow for {{c1::faster/ more neurotransmitter release&nb…
Published	10/12/2023	Long term depression (LTD) is the transient, long lasting {{c1::decrease}} in ability of the synapse to make {{c1::EPSP}}
Published	10/12/2023	explain NMDAR dependent long term depression (LTDs) 1) NMDAR allow for {{c1::calcium}} to enter postsynaptic terminal2) {{c1::phosphatase}} activ…
Published	10/12/2023	explain mGLuR depedent LTD1) Excessive activity causes {{c1::the concentration of signaling molecules to be too high}} 2) the molecules may {{c1::leak…
Published	10/12/2023	Explain how cannabinoids affect long term depressions (LTDs)cannabinoids promote the {{c1::decrease}} of synaptic transmission strength by {{c1::stopp…
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