Notes in 4- Immunity

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Published	02/10/2024	Why is there an increase in infections and death after being infected with measles?
Published	02/10/2024	Types of Immunity:[1] {{c1::Innate}} (Non-specific & no memory)----------------------[2] {{c1::Acquired/Adaptive}} (Specific & memory)→ B and …
Published	02/10/2024	List the advantages and disadvantages of Passive Immunity
Published	02/10/2024	Give an example of natural passive immunity
Published	02/10/2024	Give examples of Artifical Passive Immunity
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Active immunity}} whether Natural (exposure/infection) or Artifical (vaccination) involves:• Antigen (whole organism or part of it) stimulates i…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Vaccination}} is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a path…
Published	02/10/2024
Published	02/10/2024	What are the types of vaccines?1- {{c1::Killed whole organism}}2- {{c1::Attenuated whole organism}}3- {{c1::Subunit}}4- {{c1::Toxoid}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Killed whole organism}} vaccines:Target organism, e.g. polio virus is killed • Effective and relatively easy to manufacture • Booster shots like…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Attenuated whole organism}} vaccine (mainly viruses)→ An avirulent strain of target organism is isolated • Can be more powerful and better …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Subunit}} vaccines are:• Recombinant proteins Advantages:Generally very safe & Easy to standardiseDisadvantages: Not very immunogenic withou…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Toxoid}} vaccine (Modified Toxin):Toxin is treated with formalin → Toxoid (inactivated toxin) Toxoid retains antigenicity but has no toxic activ…
Published	02/10/2024	Childhood Immunisation ScheduleDescribe the concept of vaccination schedules for children
Published	02/10/2024	Adult ImmunisationDescribe the concept of adult immunisation
Published	02/10/2024	Describe the vaccines that may need to be given to travellers
Published	02/10/2024	Describe the contra-indications to vaccinationa contraindication is a condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medi…
Published	02/10/2024	Why is it advised to only give live attenuated vaccines to individuals with healthy immune systems?Why are pregnant woman not given vaccines?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Herd Immunity}} is the resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on pre-existing immunity of a high pr…
Published	02/10/2024	How does vaccination contribute to herd immunity?
Published	02/10/2024	What makes a good vaccine?• {{c1::Potent antibody IgG}} response – high antibody titer • {{c1::Potent CD8+ cytotoxic T cell}} resp…
Published	02/10/2024	What makes a good vaccine?
Published	02/10/2024	Common vaccines
Published	02/10/2024	Why do we need T cell responses against infections?
Published	02/10/2024	Challenges facing vaccines[1] Cannot elicit immunity against all infectious disease[2] Persistence → some give life long protection but others do…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Antigenic shift}} → combination of different strainse.g. human influenza + avian influenza → new strain of influenza1. Influenza virus has eight…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::The cold chain network}} is a network made to maintain product quality from the time of manufacture until the point of administration by ensurin…
Published	02/10/2024	Why are neonates vulnerable to diseases?Why do neonates face problems with vaccines?1- Vulnerable to {{c1::encapsulated bacteria}} 'polysaccharid…
Published	02/10/2024	Why are the elderly vulnerable to diseases?Why do the elderly face problems with vaccines?1- Reduced efficacy or responsiveness to vaccination 2- Olig…
Published	02/10/2024	Why are carbohydrates antigens conjugated to a protein carrier?
Published	02/10/2024	Characteristics of Naive B cells & Plasma cells & Memory B cells in infants and the elderly
Published	02/10/2024	Give an example of treating cancer with vaccines
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::The Checkpoint inhibitor antibodies}} are antibodies that unlock the gateway to the adaptive immune system, they are powerful anti-tumour respon…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Autoimmune disease}} is a disease that results from a failure or breakdown of immune system that maintains tolerance to self tissues→ Loss of to…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Blanket immunosuppression}} → leads to side-effects including infection because it suppresses all.{{c1::Targeted selective approach}} – targets …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Hypersensitivity responses}} are hyper response from the immune system, they are harmful immune responses that may produce tissue injury and cau…
Published	02/10/2024	Type I hypersensitivity (IgE & Mast Cells & Antigens)Immediate hypersensitivity diseases are initiated by the introduction of an allergen, whi…
Published	02/10/2024	Mast cells release granules that contain {{c1::Histamine}} and {{c1::lipid mediators}} which have a range of effects:They are usually released against…
Published	02/10/2024	Hypersensitivity Type I Immediate-phase reaction (minutes)• IgE binds to mast cell, sensitizing it → exposure to antigen → IgE mediated effects&n…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Atopy}} refers to the genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis (eczema).&…
Published	02/10/2024	Type II hypersensitivity (Injury caused by anti-tissue antibody)Antibody (IgG) deposition in extracellular matrix interacts with leukocytes (neutrophi…
Published	02/10/2024	Type III hypersensitivity (Immune complex - mediated tissue injury)Immune complexes of antibodies and antigens may be formed in the circulation and de…
Published	02/10/2024	Type II & V hypersensitivity (Abnormal physiologic responses without cell/tissue injury)Antibodies specific for cell surface receptors for hormone…
Published	02/10/2024	Examples of autoimmune diseases associated with type II hypersensitivity
Published	02/10/2024	Examples of autoimmune diseases associated with type III hypersensitivity
Published	02/10/2024	Type IV hypersensitivity (involves CD4+ or CD8+ T cells)Either cytokine-mediated inflammationCytokines → inflammation → tissue injuryOr T cell-mediate…
Published	02/10/2024	Examples of autoimmune disease associated with type IV hypersensitivity
Published	02/10/2024	A- Glomerulonephritis induced by an antibody against the glomerular basement membrane Type II hypersensitivity → (Goodpasture's syndrome): the li…
Published	02/10/2024	Both {{c1::genetic}} and {{c1::enviromental}} factors make an individual more susceptible to autoimmune disease.Other factors include drugs, trauma, f…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Molecular mimicry}} is when the immune system makes a response against a pathogen but that response is cross-reacted with the self tissue and ca…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Immunological tolerance}} is a state of unresponsiveness to specific antigen.a state of indifference or non-reactivity towards a substance that …
Published	02/10/2024	Why is an understanding of tolerance important?1. {{c1::Development}} - To understand why autoimmune diseases develop 2. {{c1::Intervention}} - …
Published	02/10/2024	Types of autoimmune disease:1- {{c1::Systemic}}• Autoimmune process is diffused throughout the body • Affects more than one organ - not necessarily th…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Systemic lupus erythematosus}} is a relapsing and remitting chronic systemic disease that primarily affects women in their 20's to 60's (male:fe…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Type 1 diabetes}} is an autoimmune related diabetes that arises from the destruction of the insulin-producing b cells of the islets of Langerhan…
Published	02/10/2024	The Islet of Langerhans damage in Type 1 Diabetes is mediated mainly by {{c1::CD4+ Th1 T-cells}} that are reactive with islet autoantigens.T…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Specificity}} is a feature of type II hypersensitivity.e.g. antibodies specific for blocking ACh receptor  → myasthenia gravis
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Hypersensitivity responses}} can be defined as damaging responses produced during normal immune responses Chronic activation can lead to autoim…
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